Willful blindness (sometimes called ignorance of law,^[1]^:761willful ignorance or contrived ignorance or Nelsonian knowledge) is a term used in law to describe a situation in which a person seeks to avoid civil or criminal liability for a wrongful act by intentionally keeping himself or herself unaware of facts that would render him or her liable. In United States v. Jewell, the court held that proof of willful ignorance satisfied the requirement of knowledge as to criminal possession and importation of drugs.^[1]^:225

Description

Willful blindness is a term used in law to describe a situation in which a person seeks to avoid civil or criminal liability for a wrongful act by intentionally keeping oneself unaware of facts that would render liability.

Although the term was originally—and still is—used in legal contexts, the phrase “willful ignorance” has come to mean any situation in which people intentionally turn their attention away from an ethical problem that is believed to be important by those using the phrase (for instance, because the problem is too disturbing for people to want it dominating their thoughts, or from the knowledge that solving the problem would require extensive effort).

Precedent in the United States

In United States v. Jewell, the court held that proof of willful ignorance satisfied the requirement of knowledge as to criminal possession and importation of drugs.^[1]^:225 In a number of cases in the United States of America, persons transporting packages containing illegal drugs have asserted that they never asked what the contents of the packages were and so lacked the requisite intent to break the law. Such defenses have not succeeded, as courts have been quick to determine that the defendantshould have known what was in the package and exercised criminal recklessness by failing to find out the package’s contents.^{[citation needed]} Notably, this rule has only ever been applied to independent couriers, and has never been used to hold larger services that qualify as common carriers (e.g., FedEx, United Parcel Service, or the U.S. Postal Service) liable for the contents of packages they deliver.

A famous example of such a defense being denied occurred in In re Aimster Copyright Litigation,^[2] in which the defendants argued that the file-swapping technology was designed in such a way that they had no way of monitoring the content of swapped files. They suggested that their inability to monitor the activities of users meant that they could not be contributing to copyright infringement by the users. The court held that this was willful blindness on the defendant’s part and would not constitute a defense to a claim of contributory infringement.

References

^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c Criminal Law – Cases and Materials, 7th ed. 2012, Wolters Kluwer Law & Business; John Kaplan, Robert Weisberg, Guyora Binder, ISBN 978-1-4548-0698-1, [1]
Jump up^ 334 F.3d 643 (7th Cir. 2003)

Luban, David. Contrived Ignorance (1999), Vol. 87 Georgetown Law Journal, 957.

External links

Willful blindness per the IRS IRM Manual

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willful_blindness

James Comey

James Comey
James Comey
7th Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation
	In office; September 4, 2013 – May 9, 2017
President	Barack Obama; Donald Trump
Deputy	Sean M. Joyce; Mark F. Giuliano; Andrew McCabe
Preceded by	Robert Mueller
Succeeded by	Andrew McCabe (Acting)
31st United States Deputy Attorney General
	In office; December 9, 2003 – August 15, 2005
President	George W. Bush
Preceded by	Larry Thompson
Succeeded by	Paul McNulty
United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York
	In office; January 7, 2002 – December 15, 2003
President	George W. Bush
Preceded by	Mary Jo White
Succeeded by	David N. Kelley
Personal details
Born	James Brien Comey Jr.; December 14, 1960 (age 57); Yonkers, New York, U.S.
Political party	Independent (2016–present)
Other political; affiliations	Republican (before 2016)
Spouse(s)	Patrice Failor
Children	5
Education	College of William and Mary(BS); University of Chicago (JD)
Signature

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

James Brien Comey Jr. (born December 14, 1960) is an American lawyer, who served as the seventh Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) from September 4, 2013, until his dismissal on May 9, 2017.^[2]Comey has been a registered Republican for most of his life but has recently described himself as unaffiliated.^[3]

Comey was the U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York from January 2002 to December 2003, and subsequently the United States Deputy Attorney General from December 2003 to August 2005 in the administration of President George W. Bush. Comey appointed Patrick Fitzgerald to be the Special Counsel to head the grand jury investigation into the Plame affair after Attorney General John Ashcroft recused himself.

In August 2005, Comey left the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) and became general counsel and senior vice president of Lockheed Martin, based in Bethesda, Maryland.^[4] In 2010, he became general counsel at Bridgewater Associates, based in Westport, Connecticut. In early 2013, he left Bridgewater to become a Senior Research Scholar and Hertog Fellow on National Security Law at Columbia Law School. He served on the board of directors of HSBC Holdings until July 2013.^[5]

In September 2013, President Barack Obama appointed Comey to the position of Director of the FBI.^[6] In that capacity, he was responsible for overseeing the FBI’s investigation of the Hillary Clinton email controversy. His role in the 2016 U.S. presidential election, particularly with regard to his public communications, was highly controversial.^[7] Some analysts feel that Comey’s decisions might have cost Clinton the presidency. In one of those decisions, he reopened the investigation into Clinton’s emails less than two weeks before the election.^[8]^[9]^[10] Comey also received heavy criticism from Republicans, in part after it was revealed that he had begun drafting an exoneration letter for Clinton before the investigation was complete.^[11]

President Donald Trump dismissed Comey on May 9, 2017.^[12]^[13]^[14] Statements from Trump and the White House suggested that he had been dismissed to ease the “pressure” Trump was under due to the Russia investigation.^[15]^[16]^[17] Later that month he arranged for a friend to tell the press about a memo he had written after a February 14 private meeting with the president. It said Trump had asked him to end the FBI’s investigation into Michael Flynn, the former National Security Advisor. The dismissal, the memo, and Comey’s subsequent Congressional testimony were interpreted by some commentators as evidence of obstruction of justice by the President, and became part of a widening investigation by Robert Mueller, the Special Counsel appointed to probe Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election.^[18]

Early life

Comey was born in 1960 in Yonkers, New York, to parents Joan Marie Comey (née Herald)^[19] and J. Brien Comey.^[20] His grandfather, William J. Comey, was an officer and later commissioner of the Yonkers Police Department.^[21] The family moved to Allendale, New Jersey, in the early 1970s.^[22]^[23] His father worked in corporate real estate and his mother was a computer consultant and homemaker.^[24] Comey is of Irish heritage.^[25] He attended Northern Highlands Regional High School in Allendale.^[26] Comey graduated from the College of William and Mary in 1982, majoring in chemistry and religion. His senior thesis analyzed the liberal theologian Reinhold Niebuhr and the conservative televangelist Jerry Falwell, emphasizing their common belief in public action.^[27] He received his Juris Doctor(JD) from the University of Chicago Law School in 1985.^[28]

Early career (1985–1993)

After law school, Comey served as a law clerk for then-United States District Judge John M. Walker Jr. in Manhattan. Then, he was an associate for Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher in their New York office. He joined the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Southern District of New York, where he worked from 1987 to 1993. While there, he served as Deputy Chief of the Criminal Division and helped prosecute the Gambino crime family.^[29]

Clinton administration (1996–2001)

Assistant U.S. Attorney

From 1996 to 2001, Comey served as Managing Assistant U.S. Attorney in charge of the Richmond Division of the United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Virginia.^[10] In 1996, Comey acted as deputy special counsel to the Senate Whitewater Committee.^[30] He also served as the lead prosecutor in the case concerning the 1996 Khobar Towers bombing in Saudi Arabia.^[31] While in Richmond, Comey served as an Adjunct Professor of Law at the University of Richmond School of Law.^[28]

Bush administration (2002–2005)

U.S. Attorney

Comey was the United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York, from January 2002 to the time of his confirmation as Deputy Attorney General on December 11, 2003.^[28] Among his first tasks was to take over the investigation into President Bill Clinton‘s controversial pardon of Marc Rich.^[30] In November 2002, he led the prosecution of three men involved in one of the largest identity fraud cases in American history.^[32] The fraud had lasted two years and resulted in thousands of people across the country collectively losing well over $3 million.^[32] He also led the indictment of Adelphia Communications founder John Rigas for bank fraud, wire fraud, and securities fraud. Rigas was convicted of the charges in 2004 and in 2005, was sentenced to 15 years in federal prison. Adelphia Corporation was forced to file for bankruptcy after it acknowledged that it took $3.3 billion in false loans. It was “one of the most elaborate and extensive corporate frauds in United States history”.^[33]^[34]^[35]^[36]

In February 2003, Comey was the lead prosecutor of Martha Stewart, who was indicted on the charges of securities fraud, obstruction of justice, and lying to an FBI agent.^[10] She sold 3,928 shares of ImClone Systems, making $227,824. The next day, the Food and Drug Administration refused to accept the company’s application for Erbitux.^[37] In March 2003, he led the indictment of ImClone CEO Samuel Waksal, who pleaded guilty to avoiding paying $1.2 million in sales taxes on $15 million worth of contemporary paintings. The works were by Mark Rothko, Richard Serra, Roy Lichtenstein, and Willem de Kooning.^[38] In April 2003, he led the indictment of Frank Quattrone, who allegedly urged subordinates in 2000 to destroy evidence sought by investigators looking into his investment banking practices at Credit Suisse First Boston.^[39] In November 2003, he led the prosecutions in “Operation Wooden Nickel”, which resulted in complaints and indictments against 47 people involved in foreign exchange trading scams.^[40]

Deputy Attorney General

NSA domestic wiretapping

In early January 2006, The New York Times, as part of its investigation into domestic surveillance by the National Security Agency, reported that Comey, who was Acting Attorney General during the March 2004 hospitalization of John Ashcroft, refused to certify the legality of central aspects of the NSA program.^[41] In order for the program to continue, the certification was required under White House procedures.^[42]

In March 2004, Federal Bureau of Investigation Director Robert S. Mueller III and Comey threatened the Bush administration with their resignations if the White House overruled the DOJ finding that the domestic wiretapping under the Terrorist Surveillance Program (TSP) was unconstitutional, if such were done without a court warrant.^[43] On March 10, 2004, United States Attorney General (USAG) John Ashcroft was being visited by his wife as he was treated in the intensive care unit at the George Washington University Hospital. She solicited Mueller and Comey to join them, and shortly after their arrival, they were joined by Jack Goldsmith of the DOJ’s Office of Legal Counsel and Patrick Philbrin. In Goldsmith’s 2007 memoir, he said Comey had come to the hospital to give Ashcroft support in withstanding pressure from the White House.^[44] None of the four visitors wanted the TSP reauthorized. After the quartet’s arrival, Ashcroft refused to give his consent to its extension, despite being pressured at the hospital soon afterward by Andrew H. Card Jr., White House Chief of Staff, and Alberto R. Gonzales, then-White House counsel and future Attorney General. The two were requesting that Ashcroft waive the DOJ ruling and permit the domestic warrantless eavesdropping program to continue beyond its imminent expiration date. Ashcroft additionally informed the pair that due to his illness, he had delegated his powers as USAG to Comey.^[45]^[42] Comey later confirmed these events took place (but declined to confirm the specific program) in testimony to the United States Senate Judiciary Committee on May 16, 2007.^[46]^[47]^[48]^[49]^[50]^[51] FBI director Mueller’s notes on the March 10, 2004, incident, which were released to a House Judiciary committee, confirms that he “Saw (the) AG, John Ashcroft in the room (who was) feeble, barely articulate, clearly stressed.”^[52]

Comey and Mueller withdrew their threats to resign after meeting directly on March 12, 2004, with President Bush, who gave his support to making requisite changes in the surveillance program.^[53]

Enhanced interrogation techniques

When Comey was Deputy Attorney General in 2005, he endorsed a memorandum that approved the use of 13 enhanced interrogation techniques that included waterboarding^[41] and sleep deprivation for up to 180 hours, which would be used by the CIA when interrogating suspects.^[54]^[55] Comey objected to a second memorandum, drafted by Daniel Levin and signed by Steven G. Bradbury, which stated that these techniques could be used in combination.^[54] Comey was one of the few members of the Bush administration who had tried to prevent or limit the use of torture.^[56]^[57]^[58]

During his 2013 confirmation hearing, Comey stated that in his personal opinion, waterboarding was torture,^[59] the United Nations Convention against Torture was “very vague” and difficult to interpret as banning the practice.^[44] Even though the practice was legal at the time,^[54] he strongly disagreed with the techniques and as a matter of policy, he opposed implementing them.^[55]^[60] His objections were ultimately overruled by the National Security Council.^[61]

Private sector (2005–2013)

In the fall of 2005, Comey announced that he was leaving the Department of Justice.^[62] In August 2005, it was announced that Comey would enter the private sector, becoming the General Counsel and Senior Vice President for Lockheed Martin, the U.S. Department of Defense‘s largest contractor.^[63] Comey’s tenure took effect on October 1, 2005,^[64] serving in that capacity until June 2, 2010, when he announced he would leave Lockheed Martin to join the senior management committee at Bridgewater Associates, a Connecticut-based investment management firm.^[65] Comey received a three million dollar payout from Bridgewater, and his net worth is estimated at 14 million dollars.^[66]^[67] February 1, 2013, after leaving Bridgewater, he was appointed by Columbia University Law School as a Senior Research Scholar and Hertog Fellow on National Security Law.^[68] He was also appointed to the board of directors of the London-based financial institution HSBC Holdings,^[69] to improve the company’s compliance program after its $1.9 billion settlement with the Justice Department for failing to comply with basic due diligence requirements for money laundering regarding Mexican drug cartels and terrorism financing.^[70]^[71] Since 2012, he has also served on the Defense Legal Policy Board.^[72]

Testimony before congressional committees

Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy
Main issues Timeline Summary of attorneys Documents Congressional hearings List of Dismissed Attorneys Complete list of related articles

In May 2007, Comey testified before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary and the House Judiciary subcommittee on Commercial and Administrative Law on the U.S. Attorney dismissal controversy.^[62] His testimony contradicted that of former Attorney General Alberto Gonzales, who had said the firings had been due to poor performance on the part of some of the dismissed prosecutors. Comey stressed that the Justice Department had to be perceived as nonpartisan and nonpolitical to function.^[73]

The Department of Justice, in my view, is run by political appointees of the President. The U.S. attorneys are political appointees of the President. But once they take those jobs and run this institution, it’s very important in my view for that institution to be another in American life, that—because my people had to stand up before juries of all stripes, talk to sheriffs of all stripes, judges of all stripes. They had to be seen as the good guys, and not as either this administration or that administration.^[73]

Supreme Court considerations

Politico reported in May 2009 that White House officials pushed for Comey’s inclusion on the short list of names to replace Associate Justice David Souter on the U.S. Supreme Court.^[74]Politico later reported liberal activists were upset about the possibility of Comey’s name being included. John Brittain of the Lawyers’ Committee for Civil Rights Under Law stated, “[Comey] came in with the Bushies. What makes you think he’d be just an inch or two more to the center than [John] Roberts? I’d be greatly disappointed.”^[75]

In 2013, Comey was a signatory to an amicus curiae brief submitted to the Supreme Court in support of same-sex marriage during the Hollingsworth v. Perry case.^[76]

FBI Director

Comey, President Obama, and outgoing FBI Director Robert Mueller at Comey’s nomination to become FBI Director, June 21, 2013

Comey at the Oval Office following the San Bernardino shooting, December 3, 2015

Obama receives an update from Comey and Homeland Security Advisor Lisa Monaco on the 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting, June 12, 2016

May 2013 reports became official the following month when President Barack Obama revealed that he would nominate Comey to be the next Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, replacing outgoing director Robert Mueller.^[77]^[78]^[79] Comey was reportedly chosen over another finalist, Lisa Monaco, who had overseen national security issues at the Justice Department during the attack on the U.S. consulate in Benghazi, Libya, on September 11, 2012.^[80]^[81]

On July 29, 2013, the Senate confirmed Comey to a full ten-year term as FBI Director. He was confirmed by a vote of 93-1. Two senators voted present.^[82] He was sworn in as FBI director on September 4, 2013.^[83] President Donald Trump fired him on May 9, 2017.^[12]

Police and African Americans

Comey at annual FBI and Birmingham Civil Rights Institute conference, May 25, 2016

In February 2015, Comey delivered a speech at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C., regarding the relationship between police and the African American community.^[84]^[85] He said that, “At many points in American history, law enforcement enforced the status quo – a status quo that was often brutally unfair to disfavored groups”, mentioning as an example his own Irish ancestors, who he said had often been regarded as drunks and criminals by law enforcement in the early 20th century. He added: “The Irish had some tough times, but little compares to the experience on our soil of black Americans”, going on to highlight current societal issues such as lack of opportunities for employment and education which can lead young black men to crime.^[84] Comey stated:

Police officers on patrol in our nation’s cities often work in environments where a hugely disproportionate percentage of street crime is committed by young men of color. Something happens to people of good will working in that environment. After years of police work, officers often can’t help be influenced by the cynicism they feel. A mental shortcut becomes almost irresistible.^[84]

In October 2015, Comey gave a speech in which he raised concerns that body worn video results in less effective policing; this opinion contradicted the President’s public position.^[86] Days later, President Obama met with Comey in the Oval Office to address the issue.^[87] In an October 23 speech at the University of Chicago Law School, Comey said:

I remember being asked why we were doing so much prosecuting in black neighborhoods and locking up so many black men. After all, Richmond was surrounded by areas with largely white populations. Surely there were drug dealers in the suburbs. My answer was simple: We are there in those neighborhoods because that’s where people are dying. These are the guys we lock up because they are the predators choking off the life of a community. We did this work because we believed that all lives matter, especially the most vulnerable.^[88]

Comments on Poland and the Holocaust

In April 2015, Comey spoke at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, arguing in favor of more Holocaust education.^[89] After The Washington Post printed a version of his speech, Anne Applebaum wrote that his reference to “the murderers and accomplices of Germany, and Poland, and Hungary” was inaccurately saying that Poles were as responsible for the Holocaust as Germans.^[90] His speech was also criticized by Polish authorities, and Stephen D. Mull, United States Ambassador to Poland, was called to the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs.^[91] Applebaum wrote that Comey, “in a speech that was reprinted in The Post arguing for more Holocaust education, demonstrated just how badly he needs it himself”.^[92]

Ambassador Mull issued an apology for Comey’s remarks.^[93] When asked about his remarks, Comey said, “I regret linking Germany and Poland … The Polish state bears no responsibility for the horrors imposed by the Nazis. I wish I had not used any other country names because my point was a universal one about human nature.”^[94]

OPM hack

In June 2015, the United States Office of Personnel Management (OPM) announced that it had been the target of a data breach targeting the records of as many as four million people.^[95] Later, Comey put the number at 18 million.^[96] The Washington Post has reported that the attack originated in China, citing unnamed government officials.^[97] Comey said: “It is a very big deal from a national security perspective and from a counterintelligence perspective. It’s a treasure trove of information about everybody who has worked for, tried to work for, or works for the United States government.”^[98]

Hillary Clinton email investigation

On July 10, 2015, the FBI opened a criminal investigation into Hillary Clinton‘s use of a private email server while she was Secretary of State.^[7] On June 29, 2016, Attorney General Loretta Lynch and Bill Clinton met aboard her plane on the tarmac of the Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport, leading to calls for her recusal. Lynch then announced that she would “fully” accept the recommendation of the FBI regarding the probe.^[7] On July 2, FBI agents completed their investigation by interviewing Hillary Clinton at FBI headquarters, following which Comey and his associates decided there was no basis for criminal indictments in the case.^[7]

Release of information about the investigation

On July 5, 2016, Comey announced the FBI’s recommendation that the United States Department of Justice file no criminal charges relating to the Hillary Clinton email controversy.^[99] During a 15-minute press conference in the J. Edgar Hoover Building, Comey called Secretary Clinton’s and her top aides’ behavior “extremely careless”, but concluded that “no reasonable prosecutor would bring such a case”.^[99] It was believed to be the first time the FBI disclosed its prosecutorial recommendation to the Department of Justice publicly.^[99] On July 7, 2016, Comey was questioned by a Republican-led House committee during a hearing regarding the FBI’s recommendation.^[100]^[101]

Comey’s October letter

On October 26, 2016, two weeks before the presidential election, Comey learned that FBI agents investigating an unrelated case involving former Congressman Anthony Weiner had discovered emails on Weiner’s computer between his wife, Huma Abedin, and Hillary Clinton.^[7] Believing it would take months to review Weiner’s emails, Comey decided he had to inform Congress that the investigation was being reopened due to new information.^[7]Justice Department lawyers warned him that giving out public information about an investigation was inconsistent with department policy, but he considered the policy to be “guidance” rather than an ironclad rule.^[102] He decided that not to reveal the new information would be misleading to Congress and the public.^[103] On October 28, Comey sent a letter to members of Congress advising them that the FBI was reviewing more emails. Members of Congress leaked the information to the public within minutes.^[104] Republican and Democratic lawmakers, as well as the Clinton and Trump campaigns, called on Comey to provide additional details.

The Clinton campaign and numerous former officials and other commentators criticized his decision to announce the reopened investigation.^[105]^[106]^[107]^[108]^[109]^[110] Law professor Richard Painter filed complaints with the United States Office of Special Counsel and the United States Office of Government Ethics over Comey’s letter to Congress.^[111]

The investigators received additional resources so they could complete their review of the new emails before Election Day,^[7] and on November 6, 2016, Comey wrote in a second letter to Congress that “Based on our review, we have not changed our conclusions that we expressed in July”.^[112]

Comey was broadly criticized for his actions from both the right and the left.^[113]^[114] According to the Clinton campaign, the letters effectively stopped the campaign’s momentum by hurting Clinton’s chances with voters who were receptive to Trump’s claims of a “rigged system”.^[115] Statistician Nate Silver said that Comey had a “large, measurable impact on the race”.^[116]^[117]^[116]^[8] Other analysts, such as Democratic strategist David Axelrod, said that Comey’s public actions were just one of several cumulative factors that cost Clinton the election.^[118]^[119] On May 2, 2017, Hillary Clinton told CNN’s Christiane Amanpour: “I was on the way to winning until a combination of Jim Comey’s letter on October 28 and Russian WikiLeaks raised doubts in the minds of people who were inclined to vote for me and got scared off.”^[120] On May 3, 2017, Comey testified before the Senate Judiciary Committee hearing that “It makes me mildly nauseous to think that we might have had some impact on the election”, but that “honestly, it wouldn’t change the decision.”^[121]^[122]

Investigations

On January 12, 2017, the United States Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General announced a formal investigation into whether the FBI followed proper procedures in its investigation of Clinton or whether “improper considerations” were made by FBI personnel.^[123]

On July 27, 2017, the House Judiciary Committee decided to request documents related to Comey, including the FBI investigation into Hillary Clinton, Comey’s conduct during the 2016 election, and his release of his memo to the press.^[124]^[125] The committee’s Republicans also wrote a letter to Attorney General Jeff Sessions asking him to appoint a second special prosecutor to investigate these issues.^[126]

In September 2017, two Republicans on the Senate Judiciary Committee, Chuck Grassley and Lindsey Graham, alleged that Comey planned to exonerate Hillary Clinton in her email scandal long before the agency had completed its investigation.^[127] The story was confirmed by the FBI in October, which released a Comey memo dated May 2. Comey interviewed Clinton as part of his investigation on July 2. Former FBI official Ron Hosko reacted saying, “You tend to reach final conclusions as the investigation is logically ended. Not months before.” Donald Trump called it “disgraceful.” In contrast, former Department of Justice spokesman Matthew Miller wrote on Twitter, “The decision is never ‘made’ until the end, even when there’s a 99% chance it is only going to go one way.”^[128]

Comey’s original draft of the exoneration stated that Clinton had committed “gross negligence,” which is a crime. However, the language was later changed to “extreme carelessness.”^[129] In December, it was revealed that the change had been made by Peter Strozk, an FBI official who would later join Mueller’s probe and be dismissed after exchanging private messages with an FBI lawyer that could be seen as favoring Clinton politically.^[130]

Russian election interference investigation

On the day of Comey’s July press conference, the FBI acquired the Donald Trump-Russia dossier by Christopher Steele.^[7] In late July, the FBI opened an investigation into the Trump campaign.^[7] Comey asked President Obama for permission to write an op-ed, which would warn the public that the Russians were interfering in the election. The President denied the request.^[7] CIA Director John O. Brennan then gave an unusual private briefing on the Russians to Senate Minority Leader Harry Reid; Reid then publicly referred to the briefing.^[7] Comey, however, refused to confirm—even in classified Congressional briefings—that the Trump Campaign was under investigation.^[7] In early October, meetings were held in the White House Situation Room; National Security Advisor Susan Rice argued that the information should be released, while Comey argued that disclosure was no longer needed.^[7]

In January 2017, Comey first met Trump when he briefed the President-elect on the Steele dossier.^[131] On January 27, 2017, Trump and Comey dined alone at the White House.^[131] According to Trump, Comey requested the dinner so as to ask to keep his job and, when asked, told Trump that he was not under investigation. Trump has stated that he did not ask Comey to pledge his loyalty.^[131] However, according to Comey’s associates, Trump requested the dinner, asked Comey to pledge his loyalty, twice, to which Comey replied, twice, that he would always be honest, until Trump asked him if he would promise “honest loyalty”, which Comey did.^[131]

On February 14, the day after President Trump fired Michael T. Flynn, Comey met with the President during a terrorism threat briefing in the Oval Office.^[132] At the end of the meeting Trump asked the other security chiefs to leave, then told Comey to consider imprisoning reporters over leaks and that “I hope you can see your way clear to letting this go, to letting Flynn go.”^[132] Comey, as is usual, immediately documented the meeting in a memo and shared it with FBI officials.^[132] In his Congressional testimony, Comey clarified that he took Trump’s comment to be “an order” to drop the Flynn investigation, but “that he did not consider this an order to drop the Russia investigation as a whole.”^[133]

On March 4, 2017, Comey asked the Justice Department for permission, which was not given, to publicly refute Trump’s claim that his phones had been wiretapped by then-President Obama.^[134]

On March 20, 2017, in testimony before the House Intelligence Committee, Comey confirmed that the FBI has been investigating possible coordination between the Trump campaign and Russia, and whether any crimes were committed.^[135] During the hearing, the White House Twitter account posted “The NSA and FBI tell Congress that Russia did not influence the electoral process”, which Comey, when then read the tweet by Congressman Jim Himes, directly refuted.^[136] Comey also refuted the President’s Trump Tower wiretapping allegations, testifying “I have no information that supports those tweets, and we have looked carefully inside the FBI”.^[137]

Representative Chris Stewart asked Comey in the hearing: “Mr. Clapper then went on to say that to his knowledge there was no evidence of collusion between members of the Trump campaign and the Russians. We did not conclude any evidence in our report and when I say ‘our report,’ that is the NSA, FBI, and CIA with my office, the director of national intelligence said anything – any reflection of collusion between the members of Trump campaign and the Russians, there was no evidence of that in our report. Was Mr. Clapper wrong when he said that?” Comey responded: “I think he’s right about characterizing the report which you all have read.”^[138] Press Secretary Sean Spicer and a White House tweet then highlighted this testimony as proof that Clapper was “right” there was no evidence of collusion, causing Clapper to release a statement clarifying he had been referring to the evidence as gathered in January and that more investigation is needed.^[136]

On May 3, 2017, in testimony before the Senate Judiciary Committee, Comey said that Russia is the “greatest threat of any nation on Earth … One of the biggest lessons learned is that Russia will do this again. Because of 2016 election, they know it worked.”^[139] He also said that Russia should pay a price for interfering.^[140]

In early May, a few days before he was fired, Comey reportedly asked the Justice Department for a significant increase in funding and personnel for the Russia probe.^[13] On May 11, 2017, Acting FBI Director Andrew McCabe said to the U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence that he was unaware of the request and stated, “I believe we have the adequate resources to do it and I know that we have resourced that investigation adequately.”^[141]^[142]

Comey had been scheduled to testify before the Senate Intelligence Committee on May 11, but after he was dismissed on May 9, committee chair Senator Richard Burr said that Acting FBI Director Andrew McCabe would appear instead.^[143] Comey spoke before the Committee on June 8.^[144]^[145] His prepared opening statements were pre-released by the Intelligence Committee on their website one day before the official hearings.^[146]^[147]^[148]

Government surveillance oversight

In his July 2013 FBI confirmation hearing, Comey said that the oversight mechanisms of the U.S. government have sufficient privacy protections.^[149] In a November 2014 New York Times Magazine article, Yale historian Beverly Gage reported that Comey keeps on his desk a copy of the FBI request to wiretap Martin Luther King Jr. “as a reminder of the bureau’s capacity to do wrong”.^[150]

In 2016, he and his agency were criticized for their request to Apple Inc. to install a “back door” for U.S. surveillance agencies to use. Former NSA and CIA director Michael Hayden stated: “Jim would like a back door available to American law enforcement in all devices globally. And, frankly, I think on balance that actually harms American safety and security, even though it might make Jim’s job a bit easier in some specific circumstances.”^[151]

Comey, speaking at a cybersecurity conference in 2017, told the audience, “There is no such thing as absolute privacy in America; there is no place outside of judicial reach.”^[152]

Dismissal

Acting FBI Director Andrew McCabe on Comey: “Director Comey enjoyed broad support within the FBI.”

Trump’s letter firing Comey

President Trump formally dismissed Comey on May 9, 2017, less than 4 years into his 10-year term as Director of the FBI. Comey first learned of his termination from television news reports that flashed on screen while he was delivering a speech to agents at the Los Angeles Field Office.^[153] Sources said he was surprised and caught off guard by the termination. Comey immediately departed for Washington, D.C., and was forced to cancel his scheduled speech that night at an FBI recruitment event.^[154] Trump reportedly called Deputy Director Andrew McCabe the next day, demanding to know why Comey had been allowed to fly back to Washington on an FBI jet after he had been fired.^[155]

On May 10, Comey sent a letter to FBI staff in which he said, “I have long believed that a President can fire an FBI director for any reason, or for no reason at all. I’m not going to spend time on the decision or the way it was executed. I hope you won’t either. It is done, and I will be fine, although I will miss you and the mission deeply.”^[156] In the absence of a Senate-confirmed FBI director, McCabe automatically became Acting Director.^[157]

Reasons for dismissal

The White House initially stated the firing was on the recommendation of United States Attorney General Jeff Sessions and Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein, both men whom Comey reported to.^[158] Rosenstein had sent a memorandum to Sessions, forwarded to Trump, in which Rosenstein listed objections to Comey’s conduct in the investigation into Hillary Clinton’s emails.^[159] This allowed the Trump administration to attribute Comey’s firing to Rosenstein’s recommendation about the Clinton email controversy. It was later revealed that on May 8, Trump had requested Sessions and Rosenstein to detail in writing a case against Comey.^[160]^[161]Rosenstein’s memo was forwarded to Trump on May 9 and was then construed as a recommendation to dismiss Comey, which Trump immediately did. In Trump’s termination letter to Comey, he attributed the firing to the two letters from Sessions and Rosenstein.^[162]^[163] On May 10, Trump told reporters he had fired Comey because Comey “wasn’t doing a good job”.^[164] White House Press Secretary Sarah Huckabee Sanders added that the FBI rank and file had lost faith in Comey and that she had “heard from countless members of the FBI that are grateful and thankful for the president’s decision”.^[165]

By May 11, however, in a direct contradiction of the earlier statements by the White House, Vice President Mike Pence, and the contents of the dismissal letter itself, President Trump stated to Lester Holt in an NBC News interview that Comey’s dismissal was in fact “my decision” and “I was going to fire [Comey] regardless of recommendation [by Jeff Sessions and Rod Rosenstein].”^[166]^[167] Trump later said of the dismissal “when I decided to just do it [fire Comey], I said to myself, I said ‘You know, this Russia thing with Trump and Russia is a made-up story.'”^[168] In the same televised interview, Trump labelled Comey “a showboat” and “grandstander”.

On May 19, the New York Times published excerpts of an official White House document summarizing Trump’s private meeting, the day after the firing, with Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov and Russian Ambassador to the US Sergey Kislyak in the Oval Office. Trump told Kislyak and Lavrov that he “just fired the head of the FBI. He was crazy, a real nut job.” Trump added: “I faced great pressure because of Russia. That’s taken off”, further adding “I’m not under investigation.”^[17]^[169]^[170]^[171]

According to reports, Trump had been openly talking to aides about finding a reason to fire Comey for at least a week before both the dismissal and the requesting of memoranda from Sessions and Rosenstein the day prior to the dismissal. Trump was angry and frustrated when, in the week prior to his dismissal, Comey revealed in Senate testimony the breadth of the counterintelligence investigation into Russia’s effort to sway the 2016 U.S. presidential election. He felt Comey was giving too much attention to the Russia probe and not enough to internal leaks to the press from within the government.^[163]^[172] Shortly before Comey was fired, Comey had requested additional money and resources to further expand the probe into Russian interference into the Presidential election.^[13] Trump had long questioned Comey’s loyalty to Trump personally, and Comey’s judgment to act in accordance to a loyalty to Trump.^[173] Moreover, Trump was angry that Comey would not support his claim that President Barack Obama had his campaign offices wiretapped.^[174]

Reference to tapes

On May 12, Trump tweeted “James Comey better hope that there are no ‘tapes’ of our conversations before he starts leaking to the press!”,^[175] which the media, political and legal analysts, as well as opposition politicians, interpreted as a threat to Comey.^[176]

On June 8, when Comey was asked by the Senate Intelligence Committee about the existence of tapes, he replied “Lordy, I hope there are tapes!” He added that he would have no problem with the public release of any recordings.^[177]

On June 22, faced with a subpoena for the tapes that Trump alluded to, Trump issued a tweet stating “I have no idea […] whether there are ‘tapes’ or recordings of my conversations with James Comey, but I did not make, and do not have, any such recordings.”^[178] Hours later, when asked to clarify the non-denial denial wording of Trump’s tweet regarding the tapes, Principal Deputy White House Press Secretary Sarah Huckabee Sanders stated that Trump’s tweet was “extremely clear” and that she did “not have anything to add”.^[179]Questions raised for clarification on Trump’s tweet centered principally around whether Trump ever had knowledge of said tapes having ever existed and whether he is simply no longer privy to the knowledge of whether said tapes still exist; whether Trump currently has or ever had knowledge of a person or persons other than Trump having made said tapes or recordings, and; whether Trump currently has or ever had knowledge of a person or persons other than Trump currently having or previously having had in their possession said tapes or recordings. U.S. Representative for California, Democrat Adam Schiff, stated that Trump’s tweet “raises as many questions as it answers,” and that in any event, the tweet did not comply with the 23 June deadline, and that Schiff would move forward with subpoenas for the tapes, adding that “[r]egardless of whether the President intends his tweets to be an official reply to the House Intelligence Committee, the White House must respond in writing to our committee as to whether any tapes or recordings exist.”^[180]

Aftermath

Comey’s termination was immediately controversial. It was compared to the Saturday Night massacre, President Richard Nixon‘s termination of special prosecutor Archibald Cox, who had been investigating the Watergate scandal,^[181]^[182] and to the firing of Acting Attorney General Sally Yates in January 2017. Many members of Congress expressed concern over the firing and argued that it would put the integrity of the investigation into jeopardy.^[183] Critics accused Trump of obstruction of justice.^[184]

In the dismissal letter, Trump alleged that Comey had told Trump “on three separate occasions that I am not under investigation.”^[185] Fact checkers reported that while they had no way of knowing what Comey may have told Trump privately, no such assertion was on the public record at that time of Comey directly stating that Trump was not personally under investigation.^[186] However, in later Congressional testimony, Comey confirmed that on three occasions he volunteered to Trump that the latter was not personally under FBI investigation.^[187]^[188]

According to Comey associates interviewed by news organizations, Trump had asked Comey in January to pledge loyalty to him, to which Comey demurred, instead offering him “honesty”.^[131]^[189] Comey has indicated he is willing to testify about his dismissal in an open hearing.^[190] He declined an invitation from the Senate Intelligence Committee to testify before a closed-door session.^[190]

On May 11, Acting Director McCabe testified before the United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence that “Director Comey enjoyed broad support within the FBI and still does” and that “the vast majority of FBI employees enjoyed a deep and positive connection to Director Comey”. This contradicted White House spokeswoman Sarah Huckabee Sanders, who said she had heard from “countless” FBI agents in support of the firing.^[191]

On May 16, The New York Times revealed the existence of a memo Comey had written after a February 14 meeting with Trump. It said that Trump had asked him to drop the FBI’s investigation into Mike Flynn, who had been fired as National Security Advisor the day before.^[192] Comey later explained that he had arranged, through a friend, for the memo to be shared with the press in hope it might prompt the appointment of a special counsel.^[193]

On June 8, 2017, Comey gave public testimony to the Senate Intelligence Committee about his firing. When asked why thought he had been fired, he said he had been confused by the shifting explanations for it but that “I take the president at his word that I was fired because of the Russia investigation.”^[194] He said that he had made contemporaneous notes about several of his conversations with the president because “I was honestly concerned that he might lie about the nature of our meeting so I felt the need to document it.”^[194]He said he had not done so with the two previous presidents he had served.

Writings

In August 2017, Macmillan Publishers‘ Flatiron Books announced that it had acquired the rights to Comey’s first book, to be released in spring 2018, in which he will discuss ethics, leadership, and his experience in government.^[195] Several publishers had submitted bids in an auction conducted by literary agency Javelin.^[196]

In November 2017, the title of his book was revealed to be A Higher Loyalty: Truth, Lies and Leadership with a release date of May 1, 2018.^[197]^[198] The release date was moved up to April 17 because of scrutiny faced by the FBI during the Special Counsel investigation.^[199] On March 18, presale orders of the not-yet-released book made it the top seller on Amazon.^[200] The boom was attributed to a series of Twitter attacks on Comey by Trump, in which Trump claimed that Comey “knew all about the lies and corruption going on at the highest levels of the FBI!”^[201] In response Comey tweeted, “Mr. President, the American people will hear my story very soon. And they can judge for themselves who is honorable and who is not.”^[200]

Comey confirmed that the Twitter account @projectexile7 (later changed to @formerbu), which uses “Reinhold Niebuhr” as its display name, is operated by him.^[202]

Post-government life

In the summer of 2017, Comey gave the convocation speech and a series of lectures at Howard University, a historically black university in Washington, D.C. During the fall of 2018, Comey will return to his alma mater, the College of William & Mary, to teach a course of ethical leadership. He will be an executive professor in education, a nontenured position at the College. Comey will join assistant professor Drew Stelljes to teach the course during the 2018-2019 academic year.^[203]

Party affiliation

Although Comey was a registered Republican for most of his life, he disclosed during Congressional testimony on July 7, 2016, that he was no longer registered with any party.^[1] Comey donated to Senator John McCain‘s campaign in the 2008 presidential election and to Governor Mitt Romney‘s campaign in the 2012 presidential election.^[204]

Personal life

Comey and his wife, Patrice Failor, are the parents of five children.^[205] They have also been foster parents.^[206] He is of Irish descent and was raised in a Roman Catholic household.^[207]^[208] Comey subsequently joined the United Methodist Church, and has taught Sunday school.^[205] He is 6 feet 8 inches (2.03 m) tall.^[209]

References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Comey

Dismissal of James Comey

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Letter from President Donald Trump dismissing FBI Director James Comey

James Comey, the 7th director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), was dismissed by U.S. President Donald Trump on May 9, 2017.^[1] Comey had been criticized in 2016 for his handling of the FBI‘s investigation of the Hillary Clinton email controversy and in 2017 for the FBI’s investigation of Russian interference in the 2016 U.S. elections as it related to possible collusion with the 2016 Donald Trump campaign.^[2]^[3]

Trump dismissed Comey by way of a termination letter in which he stated that he was acting on the recommendation of Attorney General Jeff Sessions and Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein.^[4]^[5]^[6] In the following days, he gave numerous explanations of the dismissal that contradicted his staff and also belied the initial impression that Sessions and Rosenstein had influenced his decision.^[7]^[8] Trump publicly stated that he had already decided to fire Comey;^[9] it later emerged that he had written his own early draft of the termination letter,^[10] and had solicited the Rosenstein memo the day before citing it.^[11] He also stated that dismissing Comey relieved unnecessary pressure on his ability to engage and negotiate with Russia, due to Comey’s “grandstanding and politicizing” the investigation.^[12]^[13] Trump was reportedly “enormously frustrated” that Comey would not publicly confirm that the president was not personally under investigation.^[14] After his dismissal, Comey publicly testified to the Congress that he told Trump, on three occasions, that he was not personally under investigation in the counterintelligence probe.^[15]

Shortly after his termination, in a move that he hoped would prompt a special counsel investigation, Comey asked a friend to leak excerpts to the press of a memo he had written when he was FBI Director, recounting a private conversation with Trump in February 2017.^[16] According to Comey, Trump had asked him to “let go” of potential charges against former National Security Advisor Michael Flynn whom Trump had fired the day before.^[17]^[18] In light of the dismissal, the memo, and Comey’s testimony to the Senate Intelligence Committee in June 2017, several media figures, political opponents and legal scholars said that Trump’s acts could be construed as obstruction of justice, while others disagreed.^[19]^[20]^[21]^[22]

Following Comey’s dismissal, Rosenstein appointed former FBI Director Robert Mueller as special counsel to lead the investigation into Russian meddling and related issues that Comey had supervised during his tenure.^[23] Trump has called the investigation a “witch hunt” on numerous occasions.^[24] ^[25]

Background

President Barack Obama (right) and James Comey (left) in the White House Rose Garden, Washington, D.C., June 21, 2013, as Obama announced Comey’s nomination as FBI Director

The Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is appointed by the President and, since 1972, confirmed by the Senate.^[26] Beginning in 1976, the director’s term has been limited to ten years,^[27] which is a relatively long tenure that is meant to deter political pressure.^[28] The term can be extended with the approval of the Senate. Nevertheless, although the FBI director is appointed for a 10-year term, the president has the power to dismiss the director for any reason.

Before becoming FBI director, Comey, a registered Republican, served in the George W. Bush administration as Deputy Attorney General.^[29] He was appointed FBI Director by President Barack Obama.^[29] Comey was confirmedby the Senate in 2013 by vote of 93–1.^[30]

During his tenure as director of FBI, Comey said there was a need for the Bureau to be independent from politics.^[31] But, beginning in 2015 the Bureau became embroiled in investigations that affected the 2016 presidential election.^[32] In March 2015, it came to light that presidential candidate Hillary Clinton had used a private e-mail server for her work as Secretary of State under President Obama. The FBI launched an investigation to determine whether Clinton had violated the law and whether national security had been jeopardized. In July 2016 Comey announced that he was not recommending that any charges be brought against Clinton. The decision was decried by Republican leaders and candidates, including then-presidential candidate Donald Trump. In late October 2016, Comey announced that the investigation was being re-opened because of additional documents that had been obtained. Two weeks later he announced that no new information had been discovered and the investigation was again being closed.^[33] The announcement of the re-opened investigation was seen by many observers as unnecessary and harmful to Clinton’s campaign, and the re-closing of that investigation was also met with complaints.^[32]^[34]

On October 7, 2016,^[35] the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (DNI) and the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) jointly stated that individuals working on behalf of the Russian government had hacked servers and e-mail accounts associated with the Democratic Party and the Clinton campaign, and forwarded their contents to WikiLeaks.^[36] This would be confirmed by numerous private security experts and other government officials. The FBI launched investigations into both the hackings, and contacts between Trump associates and Russia.

In January 2017, Comey testified to Congress confirming Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections and confirmed an ongoing investigation although he refused to comment specifically on the Trump organization. President-elect Trump stated his intention to keep Comey as the FBI director. In March, Comey finally confirmed that the FBI was investigating links between the Trump campaign and Russia. He also refuted Trump’s allegations that the Obama administration had wiretapped him.^[33]

During the weeks leading up to May 9, grand jury subpoenas were issued by the U.S. Attorney’s Office in Alexandria, Virginia, to associates of Michael Flynn for the purpose of obtaining records relating to the investigation of Russia’s role in the election. News outlets became aware of these subpoenas on May 9.^[37]

Trump’s dismissal of Comey on May 9, 2017—four years into Comey’s ten-year term^[28]—raised the issue of possible political interference by a sitting president into an existing investigation by a leading law enforcement agency,^[28] as well as other issues.^[which?] Although presidents have occasionally clashed with FBI directors,^[38] Comey was only the second director to be dismissed since the Bureau’s foundation.^[28] The only other occasion was under “dramatically different circumstances”:^[39] in 1993 President Bill Clinton fired FBI Director William S. Sessions after a Justice Department Office of Professional Responsibility report—published under Clinton’s predecessor, George H. W. Bush—accused Sessions of tax evasion and other ethical lapses.^[40]^[41]

In May, Comey gave additional testimony before the Senate regarding the Clinton e-mail investigation and the Russia probe.^[33] News media reported that Comey had requested additional personnel from Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein to expand the probe into Russia interference.^[42] Commenting on the matter, acting FBI Director Andrew McCabe “said he was unaware of any such request” but left open the possibility that Comey had requested the president to shift existing resources to the Russian investigation.^[43]^[44]

The dismissal

Comey‘s official portrait as the seventh Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation

On May 8, 2017, Trump directed Attorney General Sessions and Deputy Attorney General Rosenstein to provide advice and input in writing.^[45] On Trump’s direction, on May 9, Rosenstein prepared and delivered a memorandum to Sessions relating to Comey (Sessions and Rosenstein had already begun considering whether to dismiss Comey months earlier).^[45] Rosenstein’s memorandum said that the “reputation and credibility” of the FBI had been damaged under Comey’s tenure, and the memo presented critical quotes from several former attorneys general in previously published op-eds; Rosenstein concluded that their “nearly unanimous opinions” were that Comey’s handling of the Hillary Clinton email investigation was “wrong.”^[5] In his memo Rosenstein asserted that the FBI must have “a Director who understands the gravity of the mistakes and pledges never to repeat them.” He ended with an argument against keeping Comey as FBI director, on the grounds that he was given an opportunity to “admit his errors” but that there is no hope that he will “implement the necessary corrective actions.”^[46] Rosenstein also criticized Comey on two grounds: for usurping the prerogative of the Justice Department and the Attorney General in his July 2016 public statements announcing the closure of the investigation into Clinton’s emails, and for making derogatory comments about Clinton in that same meeting.^[47] Both of these actions, he argued, were in conflict with longstanding FBI practice. To Comey’s previous defense that Attorney General Loretta Lynch had a conflict of interest, Rosenstein argued that in such a case, it is the duty of the Attorney General to recuse herself, and that there is a process for another Justice Department official to take over her duties.^[48]

Termination letter

On May 9, 2017, President Trump sent a termination letter to James Comey:

Dear Director Comey:

I have received the attached letters from the Attorney General and Deputy Attorney General of the United States recommending your dismissal as the Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. I have accepted their recommendation and you are hereby terminated and removed from office, effective immediately.

While I greatly appreciate you informing me, on three separate occasions, that I am not under investigation, I nevertheless concur with the judgment of the Department of Justice that you are not able to effectively lead the Bureau.

It is essential that we find new leadership that restores public trust and confidence in its vital law enforcement mission.

I wish you the best of luck in your future endeavors.

— Donald J. Trump

Reasons for dismissal

Recommendations of the Attorney General Sessions and Rosenstein
Letter from Atty. GeneralSessions recommending the dismissal
Opinion from Deputy Atty. Gen. Rosenstein (3 pages)

Sessions, in his letter to Trump, cited Rosenstein’s memo as the reason for his own recommendation that Comey be dismissed. In the dismissal letter, Trump cited the recommendations by Sessions and Rosenstein as the reason for Comey’s dismissal.^[4]^[49] Immediately after Trump’s termination announcement. Deputy Press Secretary Sarah Huckabee Sanders, Sessions and other administration associates stated that Trump fired Comey solely on the recommendations of Sessions and Rosenstein.^[50]

On September 1, 2017, The New York Times reported that Trump had drafted a letter to Comey over the weekend of May 4–7, 2017. The draft, which is now in the possession Special Counsel Mueller, was dictated by Trump and written up by Trump aide Stephen Miller. It notified Comey he was being fired and gave a several-page-long explanation of the reasons. The draft was described by people who saw it as a “screed” with an “angry, meandering tone”.^[10] On May 8 Trump showed it to senior White House officials, including Vice President Mike Pence and White House Counsel Don McGahn. McGahn was alarmed at its tone and persuaded Trump not to send that letter. McGahn arranged for Trump to meet with Sessions and Rosenstein, who had been separately discussing plans to fire Comey. Rosenstein was given a copy of the draft and agreed to write a separate memo on the subject. His memo, delivered to Trump on May 9 along with a cover-letter recommendation from Sessions, detailed Comey’s handling of the Clinton email investigation as the reason to dismiss him. Trump then cited Rosenstein’s memo and Sessions’ recommendation as the reason for terminating Comey.^[10] Trump had previously praised Comey for renewing the investigation into Clinton’s emails in October 2016.^[51]

Based on other reasons

Several other reasons were soon offered. On May 9, a statement by the White House claimed that Comey had “lost the support” of “rank and file” FBI employees, so that the President had no choice but to dismiss him.^[52] However, FBI agents “flatly rejected” this assertion,^[53] saying that Comey was in fact relatively well-liked and admired within the FBI.^[54] In testimony given to the Senate Intelligence Committee on May 11, acting FBI Director Andrew McCabecontradicted the White House’s claim that Comey had lost the confidence of the FBI rank-and-file, saying that Comey “enjoyed broad support within the FBI and does to this day.”^[55] Comey, in his testimony before the Senate Intelligence Committee on June 8, objected strongly to Trump’s description of the FBI as “in disarray” and “poorly led”. “The administration chose to defame me, and more importantly the FBI,” Comey said. “Those were lies, plain and simple.”^[56]^[57]

On May 10, Trump told reporters he fired Comey “because he wasn’t doing a good job”.^[58] On May 11, Trump said that he was going to fire Comey irrespective of any recommendation from the Justice Department.^[59]^[60] On May 18, Rosenstein told members of the Senate that he wrote the dismissal memo while knowing that Trump had already decided to fire Comey.^[61] Rosenstein had been contemplating firing Comey for many months.^[45]

Within a few days, Trump and other White House officials directly linked the dismissal to the FBI’s Russia investigation. During a May 10 meeting in the Oval Office with Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov and Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak, Trump told the Russian officials “I just fired the head of the FBI. He was crazy, a real nut job.” He added: “I faced great pressure because of Russia. That’s taken off”, further adding “I’m not under investigation.”^[62]^[12] The comments were recorded in official White House notes made during the meeting.^[63]^[64] On May 11 Trump told Lester Holt in an NBC News interview, “When I decided [to fire Comey], I said to myself, I said, ‘You know, this Russia thing with Trump and Russia is a made up story”,^[13] while reiterating his belief that there was no proof Russia was behind any election interference.^[65]^[66] White House officials also stated that firing Comey was a step in letting the probe into Russian election interference “come to its conclusion with integrity”.^[67]^[68] White House spokesperson Sarah Huckabee Sanders expressed the hope that firing Comey would help bring the Russia investigation to an end.^[66]

Other reasons have been offered. Insider sources have claimed that Trump was furious at Comey for refusing during March to back up Trump’s wiretap accusations against former President Barack Obama, as well as not defending him from accusations of collusion with the Russian government.^[69]^[70] According to Comey associates interviewed by The New York Times, Associated Press, and CBS News, Trump had asked Comey in January to pledge his loyalty to him, and Comey declined to make this pledge, saying that he would give him “honesty” and what Trump called “honest loyalty”.^[71]^[72] Trump denied that he asked Comey for his loyalty, but says such a discussion would not necessarily have been inappropriate.^[73] On June 7, 2017, during an interview with MSNBC, House Speaker Paul Ryan stated that it’s “obviously” inappropriate for the president to ask the FBI director for loyalty.^[74] According to sources, Comey’s unwillingness to offer personal loyalty to Trump was one of the reasons for the firing.^[70]^[75] Another source told The Atlantic that Trump fired Comey because Trump was concerned about what Flynn would testify in court.^[76] The next day, several FBI insiders said Comey was fired because “he refused to end the Russia investigation.”^[77] Prior to the firing, senior White House officials had made inquiries to intelligence officials, such as “Can we ask [Comey] to shut down the investigation [of former national security adviser Flynn]? Are you able to assist in this matter?”^[78] After his dismissal, Comey recounted that Trump had told him the following in March 2017: “If there were some satellite associates of his who did something wrong, it would be good to find that out, but that he hadn’t done anything wrong and hoped I would find a way to get it out there.”^[79]^[80]

Announcement of dismissal

President Trump had the letter dismissing Comey delivered in a manila folder to FBI headquarters^[69] in Washington on the evening of Tuesday, May 9, and a press statement was made by Sean Spicer at the same time.^[47] Comey was in Los Angeles that day giving a speech to agents at the Los Angeles Field Office, and Comey learned of the termination through a news report being telecast while he was speaking. (Sources said he was surprised and caught off guard by the termination.) Comey immediately left for Washington, D.C., and cancelled another scheduled speech that night at an FBI recruitment event.^[81]

Timing of the dismissal

Observers were suspicious of the timing of the dismissal, given the ongoing Russia investigation.^[82]^[83]^[84] In an interview with CNN, President Trump’s Counselor Kellyanne Conway denied that Comey’s dismissal was part of a White House cover-up of the Russia investigation.^[85] The dismissal took place just a few days after Comey reportedly requested additional resources to step up the Russia investigation; however the Justice Department denied that such a request was made.^[69]^[42] On May 9, before the dismissal, it was revealed that federal prosecutors issued grand jury subpoenas to Flynn’s associates, representing a significant escalation in the FBI’s Russia investigation.^[37]^[86]

Comey was scheduled to testify at the Senate Intelligence Committee on May 11.^[87] Andrew McCabe, as acting FBI director, gave the report instead.^[88]

Other events of May 9

On the same day, May 9, President Trump hired a law firm to send a letter to the Senate Judiciary Committee denying any business or other connections to Russia, “with some exceptions”. The law firm itself turned out to have “deep ties” to Russia, and had even been selected as “Russia Law Firm of 2016”.^[89]^[90] No evidence was provided in the letter itself, such as tax returns.^[91] The letter was a response to earlier statements by Senator Lindsey Graham stating that he wanted to know whether there were any such ties.^[3]

Reactions

Media reports cast doubt on the original justification for Comey’s dismissal; Trump’s decision to fire Comey had reportedly happened first, then Trump sought “advice and input” from Sessions and Rosenstein on May 8, who responded by writing letters to justify the decision.^[9]^[45] Sessions and Rosenstein had already been considering whether to dismiss Comey before Trump decided to do so, with their stated objectives including restoration of the FBI’s credibility, limiting public announcements by the FBI, stopping leaks, and protecting the authority of the Department of Justice over the FBI.^[45]

According to an anonymous source who spoke to The Washington Post, Rosenstein threatened to resign after his letter was cited as the primary reason for Comey’s dismissal.^[92] Other media noted the disconnect between the dismissal and Trump’s praise of Comey’s actions in the campaign and throughout his presidency until a week beforehand.^[93]

News commentators characterized the termination as extraordinary and controversial. CNN’s legal analyst Jeffrey Toobin went so far as to characterize it as an “abuse of power”.^[94] It was compared to the Saturday Night Massacre, President Richard Nixon‘s termination of special prosecutor Archibald Cox, who had been investigating the Watergate scandal.^[95] John Dean, White House Counsel under President Nixon, called it a “a very Nixonian move” saying that it “could have been a quiet resignation, but instead it was an angry dismissal”.^[96] Among the two reporters noted for investigating the Watergate scandal, Bob Woodward said that “there is an immense amount of smoke” but that comparisons of the Comey dismissal to Watergate were premature,^[97] while Carl Bernstein said that the firing of an FBI director overseeing an active investigation was a “potentially more dangerous situation than Watergate.”^[98]

The New York Times‘ Editorial Board published an editorial slamming the move, calling Trump’s explanation “impossible to take at face value” and stating Trump had “decisively crippled the FBI’s ability to carry out an investigation of him and his associates”.^[99]

Democratic Senator Chuck Schumer renewed his call for a special prosecutor to investigate Russia’s involvement in the election and its influence on members of the Trump campaign and administration.^[100]^[101] Republican Senator John McCain renewed his call for a special congressional committee to investigate.^[102] Democratic Representative Adam Schiff observed that Sessions had previously recused himself from involvement in the Russia investigation and suggested that recommending Comey’s termination violated that pledge because Comey was the lead investigator.^[103] In addition to the criticisms from Democratic leaders, some Republican leaders also expressed concern, including Richard Burr, Roy Blunt, Bob Corker, Justin Amash, and others.^[104]^[105] Other Republican leaders came to Trump’s defense including Susan Collins and Lindsey Graham.^[106]

Senator Al Franken called Sessions’ actions in recommending Comey’s dismissal a breach by Sessions of his commitment in March 2017 to recuse himself from anything to do with the investigation into ties between Trump’s team and Russia, as well as from the Clinton email controversy. Franken called Sessions’ action a “complete betrayal” of his promise to recuse.^[107]

Immediate response from the White House regarding concerns from congressional leaders and the media was limited. White House Deputy Press Secretary Sarah Sanders told Tucker Carlson of Fox News that it was time to “move on” from accusations of collusion between Trump and Russia, but added that “Comey’s firing would not impact the ongoing investigations”: “You will have the same people that will be carrying it out to the Department of Justice. The process continues both, I believe, in the House and Senate committees, and I don’t see any change or disruption there.”^[108]^[109] Kellyanne Conway denied that Comey’s dismissal was part of a White House cover-up.^[85] Trump furthermore commented on Twitter, mocking Senators Chuck Schumer and Richard Blumenthal, saying that Schumer “stated recently, ‘I do not have confidence in him (James Comey) any longer.’ Then acts so indignant” and that Blumenthal “devised one of the greatest military frauds in U.S. history”.^[110]

Post-dismissal

Criticism of Trump’s decision came immediately from various experts on governance and authoritarianism,^[111]^[112]^[113]^[114] and various politicians from across the political spectrum.^[100]^[101]^[115] Top Republican politicians supported the firing.^[116] Many elected officials called for a special prosecutor or independent commission to continue the investigation into Russia’s influence on the election,^[115] while some Republicans stated that such a move would be premature.^[116]

Reactions from within the FBI

‘FBI Acting Chief Contradicts Trump on Comey’. Video from Voice of America.

Comey was generally well-liked within the FBI, and his sudden dismissal shocked many FBI agents, who admired Comey for his political independence. Agents were stunned that Comey was fired in the midst of the investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 election.^[54]^[53] The dismissal reportedly damaged morale within the Bureau.^[54]^[53] The way that Comey had first learned that he had been fired—from television news reports, while he was in Los Angeles—also angered agents, who considered it a sign of disrespect from the White House.^[53]

Messaging from the White House

Trump tweet “not a threat”, Spicer says. Video from Voice of America.

News reports indicated that President Trump continued to be surprised and frustrated by the reactions to Comey’s termination, both from the political leadership and from the media.^[117]^[118] Administration officials struggled with messaging and media reports indicated frustration among the officials in trying to keep up with the President’s thinking. Vice President Mike Pence was reportedly rattled by the changing messaging as he attempted to support the President.^[119] According to media sources, morale within the White House plummeted in the days immediately following and the President isolated himself not only from the media but from his own staff.^[119] Interaction between the Press Secretary’s office and the President was strained. Following the termination announcement, Sanders took over press briefings from Press Secretary Sean Spicer, because Spicer had duties with the Navy Reserve.^[120] Spicer eventually resumed the briefings.

On June 9, in response to Comey’s testimony the day before, Trump’s lawyer threatened to file legal complaints against Comey for sharing his memo with Richman and the press. Kasowitz said he intends to file a complaint with the Inspector General of the Department of Justice, as well as the Senate Judiciary Committee, against Comey for revealing “privileged” information. However, the memo was not classified and Trump had not invoked executive privilege with regard to his discussions with Comey.^[121] Also, the Inspector General has limited jurisdiction since Comey no longer works for the Justice Department.^[122] Some commentators suggested the threat could amount to intimidation of a witness.^[121] On June 28 Bloomberg reported that Trump’s attorneys are postponing the threatened complaint, although they still intend to file it eventually. The postponement is reportedly intended as a courtesy to Special Counsel Mueller and an attempt to back away from the White House’s confrontational attitude toward him.^[123]

Succession

After Comey’s dismissal, FBI Deputy Director Andrew G. McCabe became the acting FBI Director.^[53] Several people were interviewed to succeed Comey.^[124] On June 7, 2017, on the day before Comey was to testify before the Senate Intelligence Committee,^[125] President Trump tweeted that he intended to nominate Christopher A. Wray as the new FBI Director.^[126] Trump made Wray’s formal nomination to the Senate on June 26.^[127] The Senate Judiciary Committee approved the nomination on July 20.^[128] The full Senate confirmed the appointment on August 1,^[129] and he was sworn in the next day.^[130]

FBI investigation of Russian interference

Assurances to Trump by Comey

In the Comey termination letter, Trump asserted that Comey had told him on three separate occasions that he (Trump) was not under investigation.^[131] The assertion was challenged.^[132] Fact checkers reported that while they had no way of knowing what Comey may have told Trump privately, no such assertion was on the public record, and the White House declined to provide any more detail.^[133] According to a May 10 article in The Washington Post, sources knowledgeable about the matter stated that Trump’s assertion as well as other assertions made by Trump about events leading up to the dismissal were false.^[11]^[134]

However, in the written opening statement for his June 8 testimony before the Senate Intelligence Committee, Comey said he had assured Trump on three separate occasions that he personally was not the subject of an FBI counterintelligence investigation.^[135] Comey said Trump repeatedly pressed for him to say so publicly.^[135] Comey added that Trump’s private comments urging him to drop the Flynn probe led him to tell his Justice Department colleagues they needed to be careful.^[136] Comey also indicated that he had prepared notes on each of his interactions with Trump and had arranged for them to be publicly released.^[136]

Trump’s private lawyer Marc Kasowitz declared in a statement that Comey’s testimony made Trump feel “completely and totally vindicated”.^[137]^[138] However, on June 16 following newspaper reports that the special counsel is investigating him for obstruction of justice, Trump tweeted: “I am being investigated” and called the investigations a “witch hunt”.^[139] Trump’s lawyer later clarified that Trump has not been notified of any investigation.^[140]

Possible existence of recordings

In a Twitter post on May 12, Trump implied that he might have recorded his conversations with Comey, saying, “James Comey better hope that there are no ‘tapes’ of our conversations before he starts leaking to the press!”^[141] The comment was taken by many Democrats and commentators as a threat, an attempt to intimidate Comey into not discussing his conversations with Trump during intelligence committee hearings.^[142]^[143]^[144]^[145] Trump’s hint about secret tapes created pressure on him to make any tapes and other evidence available to investigators.^[141] For more than a month thereafter, in interviews and White House briefings, Trump and his spokespersons refused to confirm or deny the existence of ‘tapes’, or to comment on whether there are listening or recording devices in the White House.^[141]^[146]

In his June 8 testimony, Comey said “I’ve seen the tweet about tapes. Lordy, I hope there are tapes!” He added that he would consent to the release of any such recordings.^[147]

On June 9, members of Congress from both parties called on Trump to say once and for all whether any ‘tapes’ exist.^[148] The ranking Democrat on the House Intelligence Committee, Adam Schiff (D-Calif.), called for the White House to hand over any tapes, if they exist, to the committee, and threatened subpoenas if the White House did not comply with the deadline by June 23.

On June 22, Trump tweeted “I have no idea […] whether there are “tapes” or recordings of my conversations with James Comey, but I did not make, and do not have, any such recordings.”^[149] Commentators noted that Trump’s tweet was a non-denial denial which merely denied personal involvement in the making of recordings and denied his present knowledge and present possession of said recordings. The tweet failed to deny that recordings do or did exist, that Trump ever had past knowledge of their existence, or that they may have been made by a third party other than Trump whom Trump is or was aware of.^[150] When asked to clarify Trump’s tweet several hours later, Principal Deputy White House Press Secretary Sarah Huckabee Sanders stated that Trump’s tweet was “extremely clear” and that she did “not have anything to add”.^[151]

Schiff stated that Trump’s tweet “raises as many questions as it answers” and that “the White House must respond in writing to our committee as to whether any tapes or recordings exist.”^[150] The White House responded on June 23 with a letter to House and Senate Committees which copied and pasted Trump’s non-denial denial tweet of the previous day.^[152] On June 29, in a joint statement, the two leaders of the House Intelligence Committee said they had written to the White House to press it to comply fully with their June 9 request, adding “should the White House not respond fully, the committee will consider using compulsory process to ensure a satisfactory response”.^[153]

Comey memos

On May 16, 2017, it was first reported that Comey had prepared a detailed memo following every meeting and telephone call he had with President Trump.^[154]^[18]^[155]

February 14 meeting

One memo referred to an Oval Office meeting on February 14, 2017, during which Comey says Trump attempted to persuade him to abort the investigation into Michael Flynn.^[154]^[18]^[156] The meeting had begun as a broader national security briefing, the day after Trump had dismissed Flynn as National Security Advisor. Near the conclusion of the briefing, the President asked those in attendance other than Director Comey to leave the room—including Vice President Pence and Attorney General Sessions. He then reportedly said to Comey “I hope you can see your way clear to letting this go, to letting Flynn go. He is a good guy. I hope you can let this go.”^[18] Comey made no commitments to Trump on the subject.^[18]

The White House responded to the allegations by stating that “the president has never asked Mr. Comey or anyone else to end any investigation, including any investigation involving General Flynn,” and “this is not a truthful or accurate portrayal of the conversation between the president and Mr. Comey.”^[154]

Leaks to the press

The Comey memos were first mentioned in a May 16, 2017, New York Times article, published about a week after Trump had dismissed Comey as FBI director, and four days after he had implied on Twitter that his conversations with Comey may have been recorded.^[141]The report cited two people who read the memos to the Times reporter.^[18] The Wall Street Journal and The Washington Post independently reported on the memos’ existence.^[154]^[157]

In his testimony before the Senate Intelligence Committee on June 8, Comey revealed that he had been the source, through a friend (later revealed to be Columbia Law School professor Daniel Richman), of the public revelation of his February 14 memo. He said he decided to make it public in hopes that it might “prompt the appointment of a special counsel”. Robert Mueller was appointed as special counsel the next day.^[16]

On May 19, another friend of Comey, Lawfare Blog founder Benjamin Wittes, came forward as the principal source for the initial New York Times story.^[158]

Congressional requests

Rep. Jason Chaffetz‘s letter to FBI demanding to produce all Comey memos

After the NYT report, leaders of the House Oversight Committee and Intelligence Committee, as well as those of the Senate Intelligence Committee and Judiciary Committee, requested the production of all Comey memos, with a deadline of May 24. On May 25, the FBI said it was still reviewing the Committees’ requests, in view of the appointment of the special counsel.^[159] To date,^[when?] the Comey memos have still not been produced or released to the public.

Motivation

The New York Times reported that Comey had created the memos as a “paper trail” to document “what he perceived as the president’s improper efforts to influence a continuing investigation”.^[18] Comey shared the memo with “a very small circle of people at the FBI and Justice Department.”^[157] Comey and other senior FBI officials perceived Trump’s remarks “as an effort to influence the investigation, but they decided that they would try to keep the conversation secret—even from the F.B.I. agents working on the Russia investigation—so the details of the conversation would not affect the investigation.”^[18]

In his June 8 testimony, Comey explained that he had documented his conversations with Trump because he “was honestly concerned he (Trump) might lie” about them. “I knew there might come a day when I might need a record of what happened,” he said.^[56] The Washington Post reported that two Comey associates who had seen the memo described it as two pages long and highly detailed.^[157] The Times noted that contemporaneous notes created by FBI agents are frequently relied upon “in court as credible evidence of conversations.”^[18]

Legal considerations

Several Republican politicians and conservative journalists asserted that Comey could be subject to legal jeopardy for not disclosing the contents of his memos around the time he wrote them. Several legal experts, including Alan Dershowitz and Robert M. Chesney, contested this view.^[160]

Anonymous officials told The Hill that 4 of the 7 memos contained information deemed “secret” or “classified”.^[161]^[162] Comey testified that he deliberately wrote some memos without classified information so that they could be shared.^[163]

Trump’s personal attorney Marc Kasowitz criticized Comey for leaking the contents of his memos to the press, saying that they were “unauthorized disclosures”.^[164] White House Press Secretary Sarah Huckabee Sanders also criticized Comey for leaking to the press and alleged that he broke the law. Sanders cited an article by the legal analyst Jonathan Turley which alleged that Comey broke his employment agreement and FBI protocol.^[165]

Glenn Kessler of The Washington Post analyzed Turley’s arguments and contested Sanders’ claims that Comey’s actions were “illegal”.^[165] Turley himself has contested Kessler’s legal analysis of Comey’s actions.^[166] University of Texas law professor Stephen Vladecksaid that there would “no legal blowback” for Comey, unless “the memos involve ‘information relating to the national defense'” or deprived “government of a ‘thing of value'”.^[167] Bradley P. Moss, a partner in the law office of Mark Zaid, argued that Comey’s actions were legally justified by laws protecting whistleblowers from unjust persecution.^[168]

Pursuit of leakers

According to a Washington Post report, the memos also document Trump’s criticism of the FBI for not pursuing leakers in the administration and his wish “to see reporters in jail”.^[157] The report outraged journalists and free-speech groups, who likened the statement to intimidation tactics used by authoritarian regimes. The Committee to Protect Journalists and Washington Post executive editor Martin Baron were among those who criticized the statement.^[169]

Appointment of special counsel

Appointment of Special Counsel to Investigate Russian Interference with the 2016 Presidential Election and Related Matters

Immediately after Comey’s dismissal, many Democrats renewed their calls for the appointment of a special prosecutor to continue the investigation into Russia’s influence on the election. Democratic attorneys general from 19 states and D.C. signed a letter calling for a special prosecutor.^[170]

The White House continued to insist that no special prosecutor was necessary in the Russia investigation, instead saying that Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein and the next FBI director could lead the investigation.^[171] The White House has also said that it was “time to move on” after the 2016 election.^[108] President Trump tweeted that Democratic members of Congress calling for a special prosecutor and criticizing the dismissal of Comey are “phony hypocrites!”^[172]

On May 17, Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein, as acting Attorney General, appointed former FBI Director Robert Mueller as special counsel to oversee the Russia investigation.^[23]^[173] The Trump administration cited an obscure ethics rule to suggest that Mueller might have a conflict of interest.^[174] On May 23, 2017, Department of Justice ethics experts announced they had declared Mueller ethically able to function as special counsel.^[175]

On June 3, Rosenstein said he would recuse himself from supervision of Mueller, if he were to become a subject in the investigation due to his role in Comey’s dismissal.^[176] In that event, the third senior officer in the Justice Department would take over the supervision of Mueller’s investigation—namely, Associate Attorney General Rachel Brand.^[177]

Reactions from Congress

‘Trump’s Firing of Comey Sets Off Political Firestorm’ – video from Voice of America

Several Democratic members of Congress – among them, Illinois Sen. Dick Durbin, New York Rep. Jerrold Nadler, and California Rep. Maxine Waters – and some commentators suggested that Trump’s rationale for Comey’s dismissal in the interview amounted to a de facto admission to obstruction of justice.^[178]^[179]^[180]^[181]^[182] Senator Mark Warner of Virginia, the ranking Democratic member said it was “extremely important that Comey come to an open hearing in the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence as quickly as possible and testify as to the status of the U.S.–Russia investigation at the time of his firing”.^[87]

Among members of Congress:

138 Democrats, two independents (Senators Bernie Sanders and Angus King), and two Republicans (Representatives Mike Coffman^[183] and Tom McClintock), called for a special prosecutor, independent prosecutor, or an independent commission to examine ties between the Russian government and Trump’s associates.^[115]
84 Democrats and five Republicans called for an independent investigation into Russian ties. For example, Republican Senator John McCain said “I have long called for a special congressional committee” while Democratic Representative Salud Carbajal stated, “anything less would imperil our democracy”.^[115]
42 Republicans, and 8 Democrats, expressed “questions or concerns” about Comey’s firing; examples of members of Congress in this group are Republican Senator Marco Rubio (“I do have questions”); Republican Senator Lisa Murkowski (“serious cause for concern”); Democratic Representative Marcia L. Fudge (“the American people deserve answers”).^[115]
98 Republicans, but no Democrats, were neutral or supportive of Comey’s firing.^[115]
141 Republicans and 11 Democrats did not release a statement.^[115]

Multiple Democratic members of Congress discussed an “impeachment clock” for Trump, saying that he was “moving” toward impeachment and raising the possibility of bringing forth articles of impeachment for obstruction of justice and criminal malfeasance if proof of illegal activity is found.^[184]^[185] Senator Richard Blumenthal of Connecticut stated in an interview: “It may well produce another United States v. Nixon on a subpoena that went to United States Supreme Court. It may well produce impeachment proceedings, although we’re very far from that possibility.”^[186]

Congressional testimony by Comey

On May 10, 2017, the day after being fired by Trump, Comey was invited to testify before a closed session of the Senate Intelligence Committee on May 16, 2017.^[187]^[188]^[189] Comey declined to testify at a closed session, indicating that he would be willing to testify at a public, open hearing.^[190]^[191] On May 17, the Senate Intelligence Committee invited Comey to testify publicly.^[192] Comey accepted the invitation and testified on June 8.^[193]^[194]

On June 7, 2017 an advance copy of Comey’s prepared congressional testimony was submitted to the Senate Intelligence Committee.^[195] In it, he said that on February 14, 2017, the President attempted to persuade him to “let go” of any investigation into Michael Flynn.^[17] He clarified that “I had understood the President to be requesting that we drop any investigation of Flynn in connection with false statements about his conversations with the Russian ambassador in December. I did not understand the President to be talking about the broader investigation into Russia or possible links to his campaign.”^[196] He added that Trump requested his personal loyalty, to which Comey replied he would give his “honest loyalty” to the President.^[196]

Comey stated that, on three occasions, he volunteered to Trump that the latter was not personally under investigation.^[196]^[15] Comey stated that Trump requested that he publicly declare this so that his image could be improved, but Comey also stated that he did not respond to Trump’s request with an explanation of why he would not do so; Comey testified that his primary reason for not publicly saying Trump was not under investigation was to avoid a “duty to correct” in the event Trump later became subject to investigation.^[197]^[198]In the termination letter of May 9, 2017 Trump said “I greatly appreciate you informing me, on three separate occasions, that I am not under investigation….”^[131]

In his live testimony, Comey was asked why he thought he was fired and he replied, “I take the president at his word that I was fired because of the Russia investigation.”^[199] He took strong exception to Trump’s claims that he had fired Comey because the FBI was in “disarray” and “poorly led”, saying “Those were lies, plain and simple.”^[200] Comey also confirmed that the FBI investigations had not targeted Trump personally.^[201]

In June 9 and June 11 Twitter comments on Comey’s testimony, Trump accused Comey of “so many false statements and lies” and “very cowardly” leaks but added that Comey’s testimony had amounted to “total and complete vindication” of Trump. Later that day Trump held a brief news conference, during which he insisted that he did not ask Comey to end the investigation into Flynn and was willing to say so under oath. He twice dodged questions about whether there are tapes of White House conversations.^[202]^[203]

Commentary

Scholars

A number of professors of law, political science, and history have criticized the firing and argue that Trump’s action destabilizes democratic norms and the rule of law in the U.S.^[111]^[112]^[113]^[114]^[204]^[205]^[206]^[207] Some have argued that Trump’s action creates a constitutional crisis.^[112] Parallels have been drawn with other leaders who have slowly eroded democratic norms in their countries, such as Turkey’s Recep Tayyip Erdoğan or Hungary’s Viktor Orbán; political science professor Sheri Berman said those leaders slowly “chipped away at democratic institutions, undermined civil society, and slowly increased their own power.”^[114]

In a May 2017 essay published in The Washington Post, Harvard constitutional scholar Laurence Tribe wrote: “The time has come for Congress to launch an impeachment investigation of President Trump for obstruction of justice.” Tribe argued that Trump’s conduct rose to the level of “high crimes and misdemeanors” that are impeachable offenses under the Constitution.^[208]^[209] He added, “It will require serious commitment to constitutional principle, and courageous willingness to put devotion to the national interest above self-interest and party loyalty, for a Congress of the president’s own party to initiate an impeachment inquiry.”^[208]

Duke law professor and former federal prosecutor Samuel W. Buell said that Trump’s attempt to quiet Comey by referencing secret tapes of their conversations in retaliation could be viewed as an effort to intimidate a witness to any future investigation on obstruction of justice.^[191]

GW Law professor Jonathan Turley, who participated in impeachment proceedings against Bill Clinton, cautioned that the Comey memo is not a sufficient basis for impeachment, and raises as many questions about Comey’s behavior as about Trump’s.^[210]^[211]

Harvard Law professor Jack Goldsmith says that claims of “grandstanding” or “politicization” by Comey of the FBI probe into possible ties between Trump associates and Russia were unsubstantiated. Goldsmith wrote, “the only thing Comey ever said publicly about the investigation into the Russia-DNC Hack-Trump Associates imbroglio was to confirm, with the approval of the Attorney General, its existence.”^[212]^{[non-primary source needed]}

New York University law professor Ryan Goodman wrote, “if President Donald Trump orchestrated the decision to fire the Director of the FBI to subvert or undermine the integrity of investigations into the Trump campaign’s possible coordination with Russia, it may amount to an obstruction of justice.”^[213]^[214]

A report published by the Brookings Institution in October 2017 raised the question of obstruction of justice in the dismissal of Comey, stating that Trump, by himself or conspiring with subordinates, may have “attempted to impede the investigations of Michael Flynn and Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election”.^[215] The report put aside the subject of impeachment pending the outcome of the 2017 Special Counsel investigation by Robert Mueller.^[216]^[217]^[218]

Comey memos and obstruction of justice

Legal experts are divided as to whether Trump’s alleged request that Comey end the investigation can be considered obstruction of justice.^[219] Jens David Ohlin of Cornell University Law School and Jonathan Turley of George Washington University have argued that the request does not neatly fit into any of the practices commonly considered to fall under the obstruction of justice statute.^[220] Michael Gerhardt of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Julie O’Sullivan of the Georgetown University Law Center argued that it is hard to prove that Trump had an intent to obstruct the investigation.^[221] Harvard law professor Alan Dershowitz said that “it’s a very, very high bar to get over obstruction of justice for a president.”^[222] Harvard law professor Jack Goldsmith noted that it was implausible to indict a sitting president, noting that “the remedy for a criminal violation would be impeachment” instead.^[223] Erwin Chereminsky of University of California, Irvine School of Law, have argued that it was obstruction of justice.^[224]

Noah Feldman of Harvard University noted that the alleged request could be grounds for impeachment.^[225] University of Texas law professor Stephen Vladeck said that it was reasonable for people to “start talking about obstruction”.^[223] Harvard law professor Alex Whiting said that Trump’s actions were “very close to obstruction of justice … but still isn’t conclusive”.^[226] Christopher Slobogin of Vanderbilt University Law School said that a “viable case” could be made but that it was weak.^[224] John Dean, former White House Counsel to Richard Nixon, called the memo about the private conversation with President Trump concerning the Flynn investigation a “smoking gun” and noted that “good intentions do not erase criminal intent”.^[227]

Comey testimony and obstruction of justice

In Comey’s June 8 testimony, he said it was not for him to say whether Trump’s February 14 request amounted to obstruction of justice, adding “But that’s a conclusion I’m sure the special counsel will work toward, to try and understand what the intention was there and whether that’s an offense.”^[228] Some legal experts have said that Comey’s testimony advanced the argument that Trump attempted to obstruct justice in his dealings with then-FBI Director James Comey.^[229] Diane Marie Amann of University of Georgia, Paul Butler of Georgetown University, Brandon Garrett of University of Virginia, Lisa Kern Griffin of Duke University, Alexander Tsesis of Loyola University, and Alex Whiting of Harvard University said that an obstruction of justice case was advanced by the fact that Comey understood Trump’s words as an order to drop an ongoing FBI investigation.^[229]^[230]^[231] Joshua Dressle of Ohio State University and Jimmy Gurulé of University of Notre Dame said after the testimony that “a prima facie case of obstruction of justice” had been established.^[229]Samuel Gross of University of Michigan and Dressle said that there were sufficient grounds to indict Trump for obstruction of justice were he not President, but that a sitting President cannot be indicted, only impeached.^[229] Samuel Buell of Duke University said, “Based on Comey’s testimony, we know to a virtual certainty that the President is now under investigation for obstruction of justice.”^[231] Mark Tushnet of Harvard University said that there are “lots of pieces of evidence that could go into making a criminal case and very little to weaken such a case but nothing that in itself shows criminal intent.”^[229]

Former United States Attorney Preet Bharara said in an interview with ABC News om June 11, 2017, “there’s absolutely evidence to begin a case” regarding obstruction of justice by Trump.^[232] Bharara went on to note, “No one knows right now whether there is a provable case of obstruction. [But] there’s no basis to say there’s no obstruction.”^[232]

Media

Many media outlets continued to be highly critical of the move. For many critics, the immediate worry was the integrity of the FBI’s investigation into the Trump administration’s ties to Russia.^[233] Some commentators described Comey’s firing by the Trump administration as a “Nixonian” act, comparing it to Richard Nixon’s orders to three of his cabinet officials to fire special prosecutor Archibald Cox during the Watergate investigation. A number of commentators – including Washington Post columnist Eugene Robinson, former CBS Newsjournalist Dan Rather, and former New Yorker editor Jeffrey Frank – accused the Trump administration of a cover-up by firing Comey with the intent to curtail the FBI’s investigation out of fear of a possible discovery of the extent of Trump’s alleged ties to Russia.^[234]^[235]^[236] Soon after Trump’s election, Benjamin Wittes writing in Lawfare had predicted a future firing of Comey, writing “If Trump chooses to replace Comey with a sycophantic yes-man, or if he permits Comey to resign over law or principle, that will be a clear bellwether to both the national security and civil libertarian communities that things are going terribly wrong.”^[237] Immediately after the dismissal, they reiterated their position, stating that Trump’s firing of Comey “undermines the credibility of his own presidency” and implying that the reason given for it was probably a pretext, as Trump had previously praised Comey’s handling of the Clinton investigation.^[48]

Some commentators observed an emerging pattern of Trump firing government officials involved in investigating his interests: Sally Yates, Preet Bharara, and Comey.^[238]^[239]

Other media outlets were more supportive. Some sources have stated that, regardless of circumstances, Comey had lost the confidence of the political leadership on all sides of the spectrum and, therefore, his termination was unavoidable in spite of criticizing the president’s handling of it and questioning his motives.^[240] Some went so far as to decry Democrats and other Trump opponents who criticized the termination after previously having criticized Comey himself for the handling of the Clinton scandal.^[241] A few called for a re-opening of the Clinton investigation now that Comey had left.^[242]

French daily Le Monde described the firing as a “coup de force” against the FBI.^[114] German magazines Der Spiegel and Bild drew parallels with Nixon’s Saturday Night Massacre, with Der Spiegel saying that “few believe” that Comey was not fired for overseeing a criminal probe into possible ties between Trump associates and Russia.^[114]^[243] The Economist wrote in an editorial that Comey’s firing “reflects terribly” on Trump and urged “principled Senate Republicans” to put country before party and establish “either an independent commission” similar to the 9/11 Commission, or a bipartisan select committee to investigate the Russia allegations, with either body to have “substantial investigatory resources” and subpoena power.^[244]

References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Comey

Story 3: Rule 8: Tell The Truth, or At Least Don’t Lie — Buy and Read Jordan B. Peterson New Book 12 Rules for Life: An Antidote to Chaos — Videos

[CL-1] Jump up to:^a ^b ^c Criminal Law – Cases and Materials, 7th ed. 2012, Wolters Kluwer Law & Business; John Kaplan, Robert Weisberg, Guyora Binder, ISBN 978-1-4548-0698-1, [1]

[2] Jump up^ 334 F.3d 643 (7th Cir. 2003)

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Iran			Saudi Arabia
Gouvernement
Annual GDP [+]	2018	452,275M.$	782,483M.$	2018	Annual GDP [+]
GDP per capita [+]	2018	5,529$	23,219$	2018	GDP per capita [+]
Debt [+]	2017	170,342	149,279	2018	Debt [+]
Debt (%GDP) [+]	2017	39.53%	19.08%	2018	Debt (%GDP) [+]
Debt Per Capita [+]	2017	2,092$	4,430$	2018	Debt Per Capita [+]
Deficit (M.$) [+]	2017	-7,828	-36,267	2018	Deficit (M.$) [+]
Deficit (%GDP) [+]	2017	-1.82%	-4.64%	2018	Deficit (%GDP) [+]
Expenditure (M.$) [+]	2017	83,377.9	274,773.5	2018	Expenditure (M.$) [+]
Education Expenditure (M.$) [+]	2017	16,325.6	26,706.2	2008	Education Expenditure (M.$) [+]
Education Expenditure (%Bud.) [+]	2017	20.04%	19.26%	2008	Education Expenditure (%Bud.) [+]
Gov. Health Exp.(M.$) [+]	2016	17,868.7	25,107.5	2016	Gov. Health Exp.(M.$) [+]
Gov. Health Exp. (%Bud.) [+]	2016	22.60%	10.06%	2016	Gov. Health Exp. (%Bud.) [+]
Defence Expenditure (M.$) [+]	2018	12,064.5	68,660.7	2018	Defence Expenditure (M.$) [+]
Defence Expenditure (%Bud.) [+]	2018	15.78%	24.59%	2018	Defence Expenditure (%Bud.) [+]
Expenditure (%GDP) [+]	2017	19.35%	35.12%	2018	Expenditure (%GDP) [+]
Expenditure Per Capita [+]	2017	1,024$	8,154$	2018	Expenditure Per Capita [+]
Education Expenditure P.C [+]	2017	201$	1,036$	2008	Education Expenditure P.C [+]
Gov. Health Exp. P.C. [+]	2016	226$	778$	2016	Gov. Health Exp. P.C. [+]
Defence Expenditure P.C. [+]	2018	147$	2,037$	2018	Defence Expenditure P.C. [+]
			A1	04/13/2018	Moody’s Rating [+]
			A-	02/17/2016	S&P Rating [+]
Fitch Rating [+]	04/24/2006	B+	A+	04/30/2019	Fitch Rating [+]
Corruption Index [+]	2018	28	49	2018	Corruption Index [+]
Competitiveness Ranking [+]	2018	89º	39º	2018	Competitiveness Ranking [+]
Fragile States Index [+]	2018	84.3	70.2	2018	Fragile States Index [+]
RTI Raking [+]	09/28/2018	99º
Innovation Ranking [+]	2018	65º	61º	2018	Innovation Ranking [+]
Labour
Unemployment rate [+]	2017Q1	12.5%	5.6%	2016Q2	Unemployment rate [+]
Unemployed [+]	2017Q1	3,199 m.	699 m.	2016Q2	Unemployed [+]
NMW [+]	2011	319.0 $	800.0 $	2013	NMW [+]
Human Capital Ranking [+]	2017	104º	82º	2017	Human Capital Ranking [+]
Markets
US Dollar exchange rate [+]	05/14/2018	42,000.0000	3.7500	05/14/2018	US Dollar exchange rate [+]
			1.28%	09/19/2019	Stock ExchangeYTD % [+]
Business
Doing Business [+]	2019	128º	92º	2019	Doing Business [+]
Passengers vehicles Year [+]	December 2017	1,592,282	438,421	December 2017	Passengers vehicles Year [+]
Annual Vehicles/ 1,000 p. [+]	December 2017	21.11	16.84	December 2017	Annual Vehicles/ 1,000 p. [+]
Motor vehicle production [+]	2018	1,342,000
Vehicles / 1,000 people [+]	2015	177.79	212.79	2015	Vehicles / 1,000 people [+]
Taxes
			5.00%	01/01/2018	Standard VAT [+]
			0%	2018	Top tax rate + SSC [+]
Trade
Exports [+]	2017	91,000.0 M.$	218,374.0 M.$	2017	Exports [+]
Exports % GDP [+]	2017	21.13%	31.71%	2017	Exports % GDP [+]
Imports [+]	2017	49,000.0 M.$	134,520.0 M.$	2017	Imports [+]
Imports % GDP [+]	2017	11.38%	19.54%	2017	Imports % GDP [+]
Trade balance [+]	2017	42,000.0 M.$	83,854.0 M.$	2017	Trade balance [+]
Trade balance % GDP [+]	2017	9.75%	12.18%	2017	Trade balance % GDP [+]
Socio-Demography
Density [+]	2018	47	16	2018	Density [+]
Global Peace Ranking [+]	2019	139º	129º	2019	Global Peace Ranking [+]
Remittance received (M.$) [+]	2017	1,378.8	286.5	2017	Remittance received (M.$) [+]
% Immigrant [+]	2017	3.31%	37.43%	2017	% Immigrant [+]
% Emigrant [+]	2017	1.44%	0.86%	2017	% Emigrant [+]
Birth Rate [+]	2017	15.92‰	19.19‰	2017	Birth Rate [+]
Remittance sent (M.$) [+]	2017	296.0	46,724.6	2017	Remittance sent (M.$) [+]
Crude death rate [+]	2017	4.49‰	3.58‰	2017	Crude death rate [+]
Fertility Rate [+]	2017	1.64	2.49	2017	Fertility Rate [+]
Rate Homicides per 100.000 [+]	2015	4.12	1.50	2015	Rate Homicides per 100.000 [+]
Population [+]	2018	81,800,269	33,699,947	2018	Population [+]
Immigrant stock [+]	2017	2,699,155	12,185,284	2017	Immigrant stock [+]
Emigrant stock [+]	2017	1,170,491	278,912	2017	Emigrant stock [+]
HDI [+]	2017	0.798	0.853	2017	HDI [+]
Gender Gap Ranking [+]	2018	142º	141º	2018	Gender Gap Ranking [+]
Life expectancy [+]	2017	76.15	74.72	2017	Life expectancy [+]
Number of homicides [+]	2015	3,259	472	2015	Number of homicides [+]
Energy and Environment
CO2 Tons per capita [+]	2017	8.27	19.39	2017	CO2 Tons per capita [+]

	Iran	Saudi Arabia
1960	21,906,914	4,086,539
1961	22,480,372	4,218,853
1962	23,071,315	4,362,786
1963	23,680,258	4,516,533
1964	24,307,860	4,677,298
1965	24,954,873	4,843,635
1966	25,624,373	5,015,357
1967	26,317,783	5,195,135
1968	27,032,571	5,387,828
1969	27,764,924	5,599,904
1970	28,513,866	5,836,389
1971	29,281,591	6,100,626
1972	30,075,297	6,392,970
1973	30,905,707	6,711,923
1974	31,786,471	7,054,532
1975	32,729,772	7,419,493
1976	33,733,961	7,802,926
1977	34,803,045	8,207,697
1978	35,960,805	8,646,845
1979	37,237,137	9,137,927
1980	39,291,000	9,320,000
1981	40,826,000	9,786,000
1982	42,420,000	10,276,000
1983	44,077,000	10,790,000
1984	45,798,000	11,330,000
1985	47,587,000	11,897,000
1986	49,445,000	12,492,000
1987	50,662,000	13,118,000
1988	51,909,000	13,774,000
1989	53,187,000	14,463,000
1990	54,496,000	15,187,000
1991	55,837,000	15,947,000
1992	56,656,000	16,948,000
1993	57,488,000	17,277,000
1994	58,331,000	17,701,000
1995	59,187,000	18,136,000
1996	60,055,000	18,581,000
1997	61,070,000	19,037,000
1998	62,103,000	19,504,000
1999	63,152,000	19,983,000
2000	64,219,000	20,474,000
2001	65,301,000	20,976,000
2002	66,300,000	21,491,000
2003	67,315,000	22,020,000
2004	68,345,000	22,564,000
2005	69,390,000	23,330,000
2006	70,496,000	24,122,000
2007	71,366,000	24,941,000
2008	72,266,000	25,787,000
2009	73,196,000	26,661,000
2010	74,157,000	27,563,000
2011	75,150,000	28,376,000
2012	76,038,000	29,196,000
2013	76,942,000	29,994,000
2014	78,470,000	30,770,000
2015	79,476,000	31,016,000
2016	80,460,000	31,743,000
2017	81,423,000	32,552,000
2018	81,800,269	33,699,947

Citations

Long title	Joint resolution concerning the war powers of Congress and the President.
Enacted by	the 93rd United States Congress
Effective	November 7, 1973
Public law	93-148
Statutes at Large	87 Stat.555
Legislative history
Introduced in the HouseasH.J.Res. 542byClement J. Zablocki (D–WI) on May 3, 1973 Committee consideration byHouse Foreign Affairs Passed the House on July 10, 1973 (244–170) Passed the Senate on July 20, 1973 (75-20) Reported by the joint conference committee onOctober 4, 1973; agreed to by the Senate on October 10, 1973 (75–20) and by the House on October 12, 1973 (238–122) Vetoed by PresidentRichard Nixonon October 24, 1973 Overridden by the House on November 7, 1973 (284–135) Overridden by the Senate and became law onNovember 7, 1973 (75–18)

War	Declaration	Opponent(s)	Date of declaration	Votes		President	Result
War	Declaration	Opponent(s)	Date of declaration	Senate	House	President	Result
War of 1812	Declaration of War upon the U.K.	United Kingdom	June 18, 1812	19–13	79–49	James Madison	Treaty of Ghent (December 24, 1814)
Mexican–American War	“An Act providing for the Prosecution of the existing War between the United States and the Republic of Mexico.”^[9]	Mexico	May 13, 1846	40–2	173–14	James K. Polk	Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (February 2, 1848)
Spanish–American War	Declaration of War upon Spain	Spain	April 25, 1898	42–35	310–6	William McKinley	Treaty of Paris (December 10, 1898)
World War I	Declaration of War upon Germany	Germany	April 6, 1917	82–6	373–50	Woodrow Wilson	Treaty of Berlin (August 25, 1921)
World War I	Declaration of War upon Austria-Hungary^[10]^[11]	Austria-Hungary	December 7, 1917	74–0	365–1	Woodrow Wilson	1921 U.S.–Austrian Peace Treaty (August 24, 1921), 1921 U.S.-Hungarian Peace Treaty(August 29, 1921)
World War II	Declaration of War upon Japan	Japan	December 8, 1941	82–0	388–1	Franklin D. Roosevelt	V-J Day, Japanese Instrument of Surrender (September 2, 1945), Treaty of San Francisco(September 8, 1951)
	Declaration of War upon Germany	Germany	December 11, 1941	88–0	393–0		V-E Day, German Instrument of Surrender (May 8, 1945), Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany (September 12, 1990), Treaty of Vienna with Austria (May 15, 1955)
	Declaration of War upon Italy	Italy	December 11, 1941	90–0	399–0		Paris Peace Treaty (February 10, 1947)
	Declaration of War upon Bulgaria	Bulgaria	June 5, 1942	73–0	357–0
	Declaration of War upon Hungary^[10]	Hungary			360–0
	Declaration of War upon Romania^[10]	Romania			361–0

War or conflict	Opponent(s)	Initial authorization	Votes		President	Result
War or conflict	Opponent(s)	Initial authorization	Senate	House	President	Result
Quasi-War	France	An Act further to protect the commerce of the United States July 9, 1798	18–4		John Adams	Treaty of Mortefontaine
First Barbary War	Morocco Tripolitania	February 6, 1802^[12]			Thomas Jefferson	War ended 1805
Second Barbary War	Algiers	May 10, 1815^[13]			James Madison	War ended 1816
Enforcing 1808 slave trade ban; naval squadron sent to African waters to apprehend illegal slave traders	Slave traders and pirates	“Act in addition to the acts prohibiting the Slave Trade” 1819			James Monroe	1822 first African-American settlement founded in Liberia, 1823 U.S. Navy stops anti-trafficking patrols
Redress for attack on U.S. Navy‘s USS Water Witch	Paraguay	1858.^[14]			James Buchanan
Mexican Revolution United States occupation of Veracruz	Mexico	H.J.R. 251, 38 Stat. 770 April 22, 1914		337–37	Woodrow Wilson	Force withdrawn after six months. However, the Joint Resolution was likely used to authorize the Pancho Villa Expedition. In the Senate, “when word reached the Senate that the invasion had gone forward before the use-of-force resolution had been approved, Republicans reacted angrily” saying it was a violation of the Constitution, but eventually after the action had already started, a resolution was passed after the action to “justify” it since Senators did not think it was a declaration of war.^[15]^[16]
Russian Civil War Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War	Commune of Estonia Far Eastern Republic Latvia Mongolian People’s Party Russia Ukraine	1918^[17]			Woodrow Wilson
Lebanon crisis of 1958	Lebanese Opposition Al-Mourabitoun Lebanese Communist Party Progressive Socialist Party	H.J. Res. 117, Public Law 85-7, Joint Resolution “To promote peace and stability in the Middle East”, March 9, 1957^[18]	72–19	355–61	Dwight D. Eisenhower	U.S. forces withdrawn, October 25, 1958
Vietnam War Laotian Civil War Cambodian Civil War	China National United Front of Kampuchea

James Comey

7th Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation
In office September 4, 2013 – May 9, 2017
President	Barack Obama Donald Trump
Deputy	Sean M. Joyce Mark F. Giuliano Andrew McCabe
Preceded by	Robert Mueller
Succeeded by	Andrew McCabe (Acting)
31st United States Deputy Attorney General
In office December 9, 2003 – August 15, 2005
President	George W. Bush
Preceded by	Larry Thompson
Succeeded by	Paul McNulty
United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York
In office January 7, 2002 – December 15, 2003
President	George W. Bush
Preceded by	Mary Jo White
Succeeded by	David N. Kelley
Personal details
Born	James Brien Comey Jr. December 14, 1960 (age 57) Yonkers, New York, U.S.
Political party	Independent (2016–present)^[1]
Other political affiliations	Republican (before 2016)
Spouse(s)	Patrice Failor
Children	5
Education	College of William and Mary(BS) University of Chicago (JD)
Signature

Military engagement	Opponent(s)	Initial authorization	President	Result
Korean War	China North Korea Soviet Union	UNSCR 84, 1950	Harry S. Truman	Korean Armistice Agreement,^[21] 1953
Multinational Force in Lebanon	Shia militias, Druze militias, Syria	UNSCR 425, 1978UNSCR 426, 1978	Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan	U.S. forces withdrew in 1984
Persian Gulf War	Iraq	UNSCR 678, 1990	George H. W. Bush	UNSCR 689, 1991
Bosnian War	Republika Srpska	UNSCR 770, 1992 UNSCR 776, 1992 UNSCR 836, 1993	Bill Clinton	Reflagged as IFOR in 1995, Reflagged as SFOR in 1996, Completed in 2004
Second Liberian Civil War	Peacekeeping	UNSCR 1497, 2003	George W. Bush	U.S. forces are withdrawn in 2003 after the UNMIL is established.
Haitian coup d’état	Peacekeeping	UNSCR 1529, 2004UNSCR 1542, 2004	George W. Bush	2004
First Libyan Civil War 2011 military intervention in Libya Operation Odyssey Dawn Operation Unified Protector	Libya	UNSCR 1973, 2011	Barack Obama	Debellation of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, October 31, 2011

Paris Agreement under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
${{{image_alt}}}$ Parties Signatories Parties also covered by European Union ratification Signatories also covered by European Union ratification
Drafted	30 November – 12 December 2015
Signed	22 April 2016
Location	New York
Sealed	12 December 2015
Effective	4 November 2016^[1]^[2]
Condition	Ratification/Accession by 55 UNFCCC Parties, accounting for 55% of global greenhouse gas emissions
Signatories	195^[1]
Parties	147^[1]
Depositary	Secretary-General of the United Nations
Languages	Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish
Paris Agreement at Wikisource

Party or signatory^[1]	Percentage of greenhouse gases for ratification^[59]	Date of signature	Date of deposit of instruments of ratification or accession	Date when agreement enters into force
Afghanistan	0.05%	22 April 2016	15 February 2017	17 March 2017
Albania	0.02%	22 April 2016	21 September 2016	4 November 2016
Algeria	0.30%	22 April 2016	20 October 2016	19 November 2016
Andorra	0.00%	22 April 2016	24 March 2017	23 April 2017
Angola	0.17%	22 April 2016
Antigua and Barbuda	0.00%	22 April 2016	21 September 2016	4 November 2016
Argentina	0.89%	22 April 2016	21 September 2016	4 November 2016
Armenia	0.02%	20 September 2016	23 March 2017	22 April 2017
Australia	1.46%	22 April 2016	9 November 2016	9 December 2016
Austria	0.21%	22 April 2016	5 October 2016	4 November 2016
Azerbaijan	0.13%	22 April 2016	9 January 2017	8 February 2017
Bahamas, The	0.00%	22 April 2016	22 August 2016	4 November 2016
Bahrain	0.06%	22 April 2016	23 December 2016	22 January 2017
Bangladesh	0.27%	22 April 2016	21 September 2016	4 November 2016
Barbados	0.01%	22 April 2016	22 April 2016	4 November 2016
Belarus	0.24%	22 April 2016	21 September 2016	4 November 2016
Belgium	0.32%	22 April 2016	6 April 2017	6 May 2017
Belize	0.00%	22 April 2016	22 April 2016	4 November 2016
Benin	0.02%	22 April 2016	31 October 2016	30 November 2016
Bhutan	0.00%	22 April 2016
Bolivia	0.12%	22 April 2016	5 October 2016	4 November 2016
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0.08%	22 April 2016	16 March 2017	15 April 2017
Botswana	0.02%	22 April 2016	11 November 2016	11 December 2016
Brazil	2.48%	22 April 2016	21 September 2016	4 November 2016
Brunei	N/A^[a]	22 April 2016	21 September 2016	4 November 2016
Bulgaria	0.15%	22 April 2016	29 November 2016	29 December 2016
Burkina Faso	0.06%	22 April 2016	11 November 2016	11 December 2016
Burundi	0.07%	22 April 2016
Cambodia	0.03%	22 April 2016	6 February 2017	8 March 2017
Cameroon	0.45%	22 April 2016	29 July 2016	4 November 2016
Canada	1.95%	22 April 2016	5 October 2016	4 November 2016
Cape Verde	0.00%	22 April 2016
Central African Republic	0.01%	22 April 2016	11 October 2016	10 November 2016
Chad	0.06%	22 April 2016	12 January 2017	11 February 2017
Chile^[69]	0.25%	20 September 2016	10 February 2017	12 March 2017
China, People’s Republic of Hong Kong Macao	20.09%	22 April 2016	3 September 2016^[67]^[70]	4 November 2016
Colombia	0.41%	22 April 2016
Comoros	0.00%	22 April 2016	23 November 2016	23 December 2016
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0.06%	22 April 2016
Congo, Republic of the	0.01%	22 April 2016	21 April 2017	21 May 2017
Cook Islands	0.00%	24 June 2016	1 September 2016	4 November 2016
Costa Rica	0.03%	22 April 2016	13 October 2016	12 November 2016
Côte d’Ivoire	0.73%	22 April 2016	25 October 2016	24 November 2016
Croatia	0.07%	22 April 2016	24 May 2017	23 June 2017
Cuba	0.10%	22 April 2016	28 December 2016	27 January 2017
Cyprus	0.02%	22 April 2016	4 January 2017	3 February 2017
Czech Republic	0.34%	22 April 2016
Denmark^[71]	0.15%	22 April 2016	1 November 2016	1 December 2016
Djibouti	0.00%	22 April 2016	11 November 2016	11 December 2016
Dominica	0.00%	22 April 2016	21 September 2016	4 November 2016
Dominican Republic	0.07%	22 April 2016
East Timor	0.00%	22 April 2016
Ecuador	0.67%	26 July 2016
Egypt	0.52%	22 April 2016
El Salvador	0.03%	22 April 2016	27 March 2017	26 April 2017
Equatorial Guinea	N/A^[a]	22 April 2016
Eritrea	0.01%	22 April 2016
Estonia	0.06%	22 April 2016	4 November 2016	4 December 2016
Ethiopia	0.13%	22 April 2016	9 March 2017	8 April 2017
European Union	N/A^[b]	22 April 2016	5 October 2016	4 November 2016
Fiji	0.01%	22 April 2016	22 April 2016	4 November 2016
Finland	0.17%	22 April 2016	14 November 2016	14 December 2016
France	1.34%	22 April 2016	5 October 2016	4 November 2016
Gabon	0.02%	22 April 2016	2 November 2016	2 December 2016
Gambia, The	0.05%	26 April 2016	7 November 2016	7 December 2016
Georgia	0.03%	22 April 2016	8 May 2017	7 June 2017
Germany	2.56%	22 April 2016	5 October 2016	4 November 2016
Ghana	0.09%	22 April 2016	21 September 2016	4 November 2016
Greece	0.28%	22 April 2016	14 October 2016	13 November 2016
Grenada	0.00%	22 April 2016	22 April 2016	4 November 2016
Guatemala	0.04%	22 April 2016	25 January 2017	24 February 2017
Guinea	0.01%	22 April 2016	21 September 2016	4 November 2016
Guinea-Bissau	0.02%	22 April 2016
Guyana	0.01%	22 April 2016	20 May 2016	4 November 2016
Haiti	0.02%	22 April 2016
Honduras	0.03%	22 April 2016	21 September 2016	4 November 2016
Hungary	0.15%	22 April 2016	5 October 2016	4 November 2016
Iceland	0.01%	22 April 2016	21 September 2016	4 November 2016
India	4.10%	22 April 2016	2 October 2016	4 November 2016
Indonesia	1.49%	22 April 2016	31 October 2016	30 November 2016
Iran	1.30%	22 April 2016
Iraq	0.20%	8 December 2016
Ireland	0.16%	22 April 2016	4 November 2016	4 December 2016
Israel	0.20%	22 April 2016	22 November 2016	22 December 2016
Italy	1.18%	22 April 2016	11 November 2016	11 December 2016
Jamaica	0.04%	22 April 2016	10 April 2017	10 May 2017
Japan	3.79%	22 April 2016	8 November 2016	8 December 2016
Jordan	0.07%	22 April 2016	4 November 2016	4 December 2016
Kazakhstan	0.84%	2 August 2016	6 December 2016	5 January 2017
Kenya	0.06%	22 April 2016	28 December 2016	27 January 2017
Kiribati	0.00%	22 April 2016	21 September 2016	4 November 2016
Korea, North	0.23%	22 April 2016	1 August 2016	4 November 2016
Korea, South	1.85%	22 April 2016	3 November 2016	3 December 2016
Kuwait	0.09%	22 April 2016
Kyrgyzstan	0.03%	21 September 2016
Laos	0.02%	22 April 2016	7 September 2016	4 November 2016
Latvia	0.03%	22 April 2016	16 March 2017	15 April 2017
Lebanon	0.07%	22 April 2016
Lesotho	0.01%	22 April 2016	20 January 2017	19 February 2017
Liberia	0.02%	22 April 2016
Libya	N/A^[a]	22 April 2016
Liechtenstein	0.00%	22 April 2016
Lithuania	0.05%	22 April 2016	2 February 2017	4 March 2017
Luxembourg	0.03%	22 April 2016	4 November 2016	4 December 2016
Macedonia, Republic of	0.03%	22 April 2016
Madagascar	0.08%	22 April 2016	21 September 2016	4 November 2016
Malawi	0.07%	20 September 2016
Malaysia	0.52%	22 April 2016	16 November 2016	16 December 2016
Maldives	0.00%	22 April 2016	22 April 2016	4 November 2016
Mali	0.03%	22 April 2016	23 September 2016	4 November 2016
Malta	0.01%	22 April 2016	5 October 2016	4 November 2016
Marshall Islands	0.00%	22 April 2016	22 April 2016	4 November 2016
Mauritania	0.02%	22 April 2016	27 February 2017	29 March 2017
Mauritius	0.01%	22 April 2016	22 April 2016	4 November 2016
Mexico	1.70%	22 April 2016	21 September 2016	4 November 2016
Micronesia	0.00%	22 April 2016	15 September 2016	4 November 2016
Moldova	0.04%	21 September 2016
Monaco	0.00%	22 April 2016	24 October 2016	23 November 2016
Mongolia	0.05%	22 April 2016	21 September 2016	4 November 2016
Montenegro	0.01%	22 April 2016
Morocco	0.16%	22 April 2016	21 September 2016	4 November 2016
Mozambique	0.02%	22 April 2016
Myanmar	0.10%	22 April 2016
Namibia	0.01%	22 April 2016	21 September 2016	4 November 2016
Nauru	0.00%	22 April 2016	22 April 2016	4 November 2016
Nepal	0.07%	22 April 2016	5 October 2016	4 November 2016
Netherlands	0.53%	22 April 2016
New Zealand^[72]	0.22%	22 April 2016	4 October 2016	4 November 2016
Niger	0.04%	22 April 2016	21 September 2016	4 November 2016
Nigeria	0.57%	22 September 2016	16 May 2017	15 June 2017
Niue	0.01%	28 October 2016	28 October 2016	27 November 2016
Norway	0.14%	22 April 2016	20 June 2016	4 November 2016
Oman	0.06%	22 April 2016
Pakistan	0.43%	22 April 2016	10 November 2016	10 December 2016
Palau	0.00%	22 April 2016	22 April 2016	4 November 2016
Palestine	N/A^[c]	22 April 2016	22 April 2016	4 November 2016
Panama	0.03%	22 April 2016	21 September 2016	4 November 2016
Papua New Guinea	0.01%	22 April 2016	21 September 2016	4 November 2016
Paraguay	0.06%	22 April 2016	14 October 2016	13 November 2016
Peru	0.22%	22 April 2016	25 July 2016	4 November 2016
Philippines	0.34%	22 April 2016	23 March 2017	22 April 2017
Poland	1.06%	22 April 2016	7 October 2016	6 November 2016
Portugal	0.18%	22 April 2016	5 October 2016	4 November 2016
Qatar	0.17%	22 April 2016
Romania	0.30%	22 April 2016
Russia	7.53%	22 April 2016
Rwanda	0.02%	22 April 2016	6 October 2016	5 November 2016
Saint Kitts and Nevis	0.00%	22 April 2016	22 April 2016	4 November 2016
Saint Lucia	0.00%	22 April 2016	22 April 2016	4 November 2016
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	0.00%	22 April 2016	29 June 2016	4 November 2016
Samoa	0.00%	22 April 2016	22 April 2016	4 November 2016
San Marino	0.00%	22 April 2016
São Tomé and Príncipe	0.00%	22 April 2016	2 November 2016	2 December 2016
Saudi Arabia	0.80%	3 November 2016	3 November 2016	3 December 2016
Senegal	0.05%	22 April 2016	21 September 2016	4 November 2016
Serbia	0.18%	22 April 2016
Seychelles	0.00%	25 April 2016	29 April 2016	4 November 2016
Sierra Leone	0.98%†	22 September 2016	1 November 2016	1 December 2016
Singapore	0.13%	22 April 2016	21 September 2016	4 November 2016
Slovakia	0.12%	22 April 2016	5 October 2016	4 November 2016
Slovenia	0.05%	22 April 2016	16 December 2016	15 January 2017
Solomon Islands	0.00%	22 April 2016	21 September 2016	4 November 2016
Somalia	N/A^[a]	22 April 2016	22 April 2016	4 November 2016
South Africa	1.46%	22 April 2016	1 November 2016	1 December 2016
South Sudan	N/A^[a]	22 April 2016
Spain	0.87%	22 April 2016	12 January 2017	11 February 2017
Sri Lanka	0.05%	22 April 2016	21 September 2016	4 November 2016
Sudan	0.18%	22 April 2016
Suriname	0.01%	22 April 2016
Swaziland	0.05%	22 April 2016	21 September 2016	4 November 2016
Sweden	0.15%	22 April 2016	13 October 2016	12 November 2016
Switzerland	0.14%	22 April 2016
Tajikistan	0.02%	22 April 2016	22 March 2017	21 April 2017
Tanzania	0.11%	22 April 2016
Thailand	0.64%	22 April 2016	21 September 2016	4 November 2016
Togo	0.02%	19 September 2016
Tonga	0.00%	22 April 2016	21 September 2016	4 November 2016
Trinidad and Tobago	0.04%	22 April 2016
Tunisia	0.11%	22 April 2016	10 February 2017	12 March 2017
Turkey	1.24%	22 April 2016
Turkmenistan	0.20%	23 September 2016	20 October 2016	19 November 2016
Tuvalu	0.00%	22 April 2016	22 April 2016	4 November 2016
Uganda	0.07%	22 April 2016	21 September 2016	4 November 2016
Ukraine	1.04%	22 April 2016	19 September 2016	4 November 2016
United Arab Emirates	0.53%	22 April 2016	21 September 2016	4 November 2016
United Kingdom	1.55%	22 April 2016	18 November 2016	18 December 2016
Uruguay	0.05%	22 April 2016	19 October 2016	18 November 2016
Uzbekistan	0.54%	19 April 2017
Vanuatu	0.00%	22 April 2016	21 September 2016	4 November 2016
Venezuela	0.52%	22 April 2016
Vietnam	0.72%	22 April 2016	3 November 2016	3 December 2016
Yemen	0.07%	23 September 2016
Zambia	0.04%	20 September 2016	9 December 2016	8 January 2017
Zimbabwe	0.18%	22 April 2016
Total	81.86%	194	146^[1] (65.64% of global emissions^[59])

Party or signatory	Percentage of greenhouse gases for ratification^[59]	UNFCCC membership	Notes
Holy See	N/A^[a]	Observer state	The Holy See can’t sign the Paris Agreement until it becomes a full member of the UNFCCC. In 2015, Bernardito Auza stated that the Holy See intended to join the UNFCCC in order to sign the Paris Agreement.^[75]
Nicaragua	0.03%	Member state	In 2015, Nicaraguan envoy Paul Oquist criticized the Paris Agreement for not punishing countries who didn’t follow it. He stated Nicaragua will continue countering climate change on its own, with plans being that the country will be “90 percent renewable” by 2020.^[76]
Syria	0.21%	Member state	Syria was not expected to sign the Paris Agreement in 2015 due to the still ongoing Syrian Civil War.^[76]
Total	0.24%	3

Party or signatory	Percentage of greenhouse gases for ratification^[59]	Date of signature	Date of deposit of instruments of ratification or accession	Date when agreement enters into force	Date of withdrawal
United States	17.89%	22 April 2016	3 September 2016^[67]	4 November 2016	1 June 2017
Total	17.89%	1

Tomahawk
A BGM-109 Tomahawk flying in November 2002
Type	Long-range, all-weather, subsonic cruise missile
Place of origin	United States
Service history
In service	1983–present
Used by	United States Navy Royal Navy
Production history
Manufacturer	General Dynamics (initially) Raytheon/McDonnell Douglas
Unit cost	$250,000(FY2014)^[1] (Block IV)
Specifications
Weight	2,900 lb (1,300 kg), 3,500 lb (1,600 kg) with booster
Length	Without booster: 18 ft 3 in (5.56 m) With booster: 20 ft 6 in (6.25 m)
Diameter	20.4 in (0.52 m)
Warhead	Nuclear: W80 warhead (retired)^[2] Conventional: 1,000 pounds (450 kg) High explosive or Submunitions dispenser with BLU-97/B Combined Effects Bomb or PBXN
Detonation mechanism	FMU-148 since TLAM Block III, others for special applications

Engine	Williams International F107-WR-402 turbofan using TH-dimer fuel and a solid-fuel rocket booster
Wingspan	8 ft 9 in (2.67 m)
Operational range	Block II TLAM-A – 1,350 nmi (1,550 mi; 2,500 km) Block III TLAM-C, Block IV TLAM-E – 900 nmi (1,000 mi; 1,700 km) Block III TLAM-D – 700 nmi (810 mi; 1,300 km)^[3]
Speed	Subsonic; about 550 mph (890 km/h)
Guidance system	GPS, INS, TERCOM, DSMAC, active radar homing (RGM/UGM-109B)
Launch platform	Vertical Launch System (VLS) and horizontal submarine torpedo tubes (known as TTL (torpedo tube launch))

Narcissistic personality disorder
megalomania^[1]^[2]^[3]
Narcissus by Caravaggio, gazing at his own reflection.
Classification and external resources
Specialty	Psychiatry
ICD–10	F60.8
ICD–9-CM	301.81
MedlinePlus	000934
MeSH	D010554
[edit on Wikidata]

Subtype	Description	Personality Traits
Unprincipled narcissist	Including antisocial features.	Deficient conscience; unscrupulous, amoral, disloyal, fraudulent, deceptive, arrogant, exploitive; a con artist and charlatan; dominating, contemptuous, vindictive.
Amorous narcissist	Including histrionic features.	Sexually seductive, enticing, beguiling, tantalizing; glib and clever; disinclines real intimacy; indulges hedonistic desires; bewitches and inveigles others; pathological lying and swindling.
Compensatorynarcissist	Including negativistic andavoidant features	Seeks to counteract or cancel out deep feelings of inferiority and lack of self-esteem; offsets deficits by creating illusions of being superior, exceptional, admirable, noteworthy; self-worth results from self-enhancement.
Elitistnarcissist	Variant of “pure” pattern.	Feels privileged and empowered by virtue of special childhood status and pseudo achievements; entitled façade bears little relation to reality; seeks favored and good life; is upwardly mobile; cultivates special status and advantages by association.
Malignant narcissist	Including antisocial, sadisticand paranoid features.	Fearless, guiltless, remorseless, calculating, ruthless, inhumane, callous, brutal, rancorous, aggressive, biting, merciless, vicious, cruel, spiteful; hateful and jealous; anticipates betrayal and seeks punishment; desires revenge; Has been isolated, and is often suicidal, and is homicidal.

Subtype	Description	Description
Pure Narcissist	Mainly just NPD characteristics.	Someone who has narcissistic features described in the DSM and ICD and lacks features from other personality disorders.
Attention Narcissist	Including histrionic (HPD) features.	They display the traditional NPD characteristics described in the ICD & DSM along with histrionic features due to the fact that they think they’re superior and therefore they should have everyone’s attention, and when they don’t have everyone’s attention they go out of their way to capture the attention of as many people as possible.
Beyond The Rules Narcissist	Including antisocial (ASPD) features.	This type of narcissist thinks that because they’re so superior to everyone they don’t have to follow the rules like most people and therefore because of this reason shows behavior included in the ICD for dissocial personality disorder and behavior included in the DSM for antisocial personality disorder.

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